ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (1875โ€“1943)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Saul Tchernichowsky

    ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ืงื” (ืžื—ื•ื– ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”), ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืจืœืดื”, 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1875. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื•ื ืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืณื—ื“ืจืณ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
    ื‘ึพ1890 ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืื•ื“ืกื”, ืฉื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ืคืจืกื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ. ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื‘ึพ1899. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื”, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903 ื ืกืข ืœืœื•ื–ืืŸ, ื•ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ืงื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืจื•ืคื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืžืœื™ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืจืงื•ื‘.
    ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฉื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคื•ืก ื”ืคื™ื ื™ Kalevala. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื”ึทื™ึฐืึทื•ึผึทืชึผึธื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื’ืคืœื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื•ืคื ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1917 ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’.
    ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืื•ื“ืกื”, ืฉื ืฉื”ื” ืขื“ 1922. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืคืจืกื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ืงืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1922 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ืฉื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช (1922), ืืช ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (1924) ื•ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืก ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื•ืื•ื•ื ื’ืณืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื’ืคืœื• (1923; 1924). ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ื–ื” (ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื), ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉื›ืœืœื” 10 ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934).
     ื‘ึพ1931 ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™; ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939, ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืืคื•ืก ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืžืฉื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ึพ1940 ืคืจืกื ืืช ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืจืื™ ืื“ืžื”. ื‘ึพ1941 ืคื•ืจืกื ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื•, 33 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942, ืœืื—ืจ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก, ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ืืช ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื‘ึพ13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1943 ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืžื™.
     ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžืžืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื›ื™ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจึพืื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืจื’ืฉ ื–ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื”: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•, ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืืกืชื˜ื™, ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื; ืื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื”), ืฉืœ ื–ืณืื ืจื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช) ืื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื˜ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงืกืžื˜ืจ ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™). ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื›ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”, ื•ื‘ื• 14 ืžืชื•ืš 60 ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช (ืœืจืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ื ื”, ืœื•ื ื’ืคืœื•), ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ, ืœืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื›ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื ื›ืœืœื™, ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื (ืžืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื) , ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืชึพืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช) ืขืœืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืดืคื’ืื ื™ืช ืดืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช). ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืคืกืœ ืืคื•ืœื• (1899), ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืจ (1900). ืžืจื’ืข ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื ืชืคืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืดื’ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืดื•ื›ืดืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืชืด. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข, ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”.

     
ืœื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

    ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื›ืกื•ื’ื”. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• (ืฉื“ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืคื•ืกื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื) ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืชื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื” [1921]; ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ); ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืณืื ืจ ื–ื”: ืœื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื—ืึพื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1900.
    ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืืคื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•; ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื ืืคืงื˜ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืดืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด (1937โ€“1941). ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช), ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ืณืื ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™, ื”ืคืš ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืดืžื—ื•ืงืงืด ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื.
    ื’ื ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ืœืฉืžืฉ (1919) ื•ืดืขืœ ื”ื“ืืด (1923). ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืงื™ื‘ื™ืฅืณ. ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœื“ื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช.
    ืกืคืง ืื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช: ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช (ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช), ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื โ€“ ืžื•ืชืื ืื• ืžืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ืื• ืžื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื โ€“ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ึพ15 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ, ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื) ื•ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœื• (ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ื™ืกืœื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืืกื‘ื™ืฅืณ). ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืงืฅ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื (ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื) ื•ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืดืจื’ื™ืœื™ืืด. ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ื™ืื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืœื–ืณืื ืจ ื”ืืคื™, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.



[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจื ืดื˜ 1898โ€“ืชืจืกืดื 1901) <ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื>
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืงืจืืงื•ื™ : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ื•ืจืฉื”, ืชืจืกืดื–) <ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื : ื”ืฉืœื—, ืชืจืขืดื) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืขืดื“; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชืจืขืดื—; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื/ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืคืดื‘; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื/ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืœื™ืคืฆื™ื’ : ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื’>
  • ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื‘)
  • ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื‘) <ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื>
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ; ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืคืดื‘) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืจืฆืดื•. ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ืืด (ื”ืฉืœื—, ืชืจืขืดื). ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ืดืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื™ื•ื›ื™ืืด ืœื ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”>
  • ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ; ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื’) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ>
  • ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื : ืžื—ื–ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื“)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื : ืชืจืขืดื“โ€“ืชืจืคืดื’ (ืœื™ืคืกื™ื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื“)
  • ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ : ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื”)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงื”ืœืช, ืชืจืคืดื—) <ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ื‘ืดื”ืฉืœื—ืด>
  • ื›ื—ื ื”ื™ื•ื : ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืคืดื˜)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ; ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง : ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชืจืคืดื˜โ€“ืชืจืฆืดื“)
    ื›ืจืš ื.  ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืจื ืดื‘โ€“ืชืจืดืข) (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื‘.  ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืจืขืดื“โ€“ืชืจืคืดื’) (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื’.  ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืจืคืดื“โ€“ืชืจืคืดื˜) (ืชืจืคืดื˜)
    ื›ืจืš ื“.  ืงืœื•ืœื” : ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื (ืชืจื’ื•ื [ืคื™ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช] ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ื) (ืชืจืดืฅ 1930)
    ื›ืจืš ื”.  ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืณื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืณ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืณื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืณ ืžืืช ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืจ) (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื•.  ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื–.  ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื—.  ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก / ืกืคืจ ืื™ืœื™ืืก, ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืจืฆืดื‘ 1932)
    ื›ืจืš ื˜.  ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก / ืกืคืจ ืื™ืœื™ืืก, ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™ (ืชืจืฆืดื“ 1933)
    ื›ืจืš ื™.  ื•. ื’ื™ื˜ื” / ืจื™ื ืงื” ืฉื•ืขืœ (ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ื) (ืชืจืดืฅ 1930)
  • ื’ึนืจึถืŸ : ืฉืึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึฐื—ึธืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึทึผืœึฐื“ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื‘ึตืœ ื”ึทืฉืึดืฉืึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึตืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื. ื™. ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, [ืชืจืฆืดื• 1935]) <ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–. ืืจื™ืืœ ; ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ> โ€“ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ึพืฉืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื“ 1944)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื” c1943) <ื›ื•ืœืœ: ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 1898) โ€“ ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™, 1900) โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (1910โ€“1920, ืืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช) โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (1914โ€“1923) โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉ. ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 1929) โ€“ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ (1937) โ€“ ืจืื™ ืื“ืžื” (1940)>
  • ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ืขืก (ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง : ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ึพืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทืงืึทืก, ื•ื•ืขื ืขื–ื•ืขืœืึท, 1957) <ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื™. ื™. ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ; ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืกื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืึทืŸ>
  • ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดืŸ 1990โ€“ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003) 8 ื›ืจืณ.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    ื›ืจืš ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช.
    ื›ืจืš ื‘. ืคื•ืื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
    ื›ืจืš ื’. ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ; ืชืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
    ื›ืจืš ื“. ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ; ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
    ื›ืจืš ื”. ื”ืืคื•ืกื™ื.
    ื›ืจืš ื•. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืชื™ืจื’ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
    ื›ืจืš ื–. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช / ืชื™ืจื’ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
    ื›ืจืš ื—. ืžื—ื–ื•ืช <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืชืจื’ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื: ืดืื™ื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืšืด ืœืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก, ืดื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืด ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืจ, ืดืžืงื‘ืชืด ื•ืดื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจืด ืœื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ: ืดื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืด>
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื‘ื—ืจ, ืขืจืš, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื– ืขืจืคืœื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืขืดื” 2015) <ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข : ืจื•ืžื™ึพืื ื’ืœื™ึพืขื‘ืจื™ / ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืžื–ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื“ 1934) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง>
  • ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” : ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื—โ€“ืชืจืดืฅ) <ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื“, ื›ื”, ื›ื•โ€“ื›ื– ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘. ื›ืดืฅ ื•ืฉ. ืจื‘ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ>
  • ืืฉื›ื•ืœ : ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืœืฆืงื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืืฉื›ื•ืœ) <ืžื“ื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื”>

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื:

  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ึทื™ึฐืึทื•ึผึทืชึผึธื” / ื”. ื•. ืœื•ื ื’ืคื™ืœื• (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืขืดื’ 1913) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžืืช ื”ืžื•ืดืœ ื•ืžืืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ื>
  • ืกืคืจ ืื™ืœื™ืืก ืœื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 1930โ€“ืชืจืฆืดื“) <2 ื›ืจื›ื™ื>
  • ืžืฉื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ื’ื•ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, 1939)
  • ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ื•ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืดืฉ)
  • ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื)
  • ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื‘) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ>
  • ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ; ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื™ืดื“)
  • ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1987)
  • ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1987)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช:
  • ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” / ืขืจื›ื• ื–ื™ื•ื” ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ืื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฅ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืชืฉืžืดื 1980) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•>
  • English translations of Tschernikhovskืณs poems.  Modern Hebrew literature, nos. 3โ€“4 (Winter 1975), pages 70โ€“72.
ืกืคืจื™ื: ืžืืžืจื™ื: ืขืœ ืดื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืชืด
  • ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ.  ืžื›ืชื‘ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืดืœ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืณ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, [ืกืคืจ ืืณ] (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจื ืดื˜ 1898), ืขืžืณ iโ€“iv <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 22โ€“26>
  • ื”ืืคืจืชื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืœืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 5  (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื“, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973), ืขืžืณ 298โ€“303 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 11โ€“21>
  • ืคืคื™ืจื ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืื’ืจืช ื‘ืงืจืช.  ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ื“ืคื•ืก ื . ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘, ืชืจืดืก 1900), ืขืžืณ 254โ€“262 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ืขืจืš ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘), ืขืžืณ 223โ€“235 ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 31โ€“39>
  • ืคืคื™ืจื ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.  ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ื“ืคื•ืก ื . ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘, ืชืจืกืดื‘ 1901), ืขืžืณ 246โ€“263 <ืขืœ ืณื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืชืณ, ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื, ืชืจืกืดื)> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ืขืจืš ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘), ืขืžืณ 236โ€“265>
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.  ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ืชืจืดืก 1900), ืขืžืณ 244โ€“259 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืดืฅ 1929), ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™, ืขืžืณ 156โ€“178 ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 40โ€“58>
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• [ืคืจืง] ื”.  ื”ืฉืœื•ื—, ื›ืจืš ื—ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืžืดื• (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืกืดื‘, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1901), ืขืžืณ 354โ€“368 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืดืฅ 1929), ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™, ืขืžืณ 179โ€“197 ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 59โ€“78>
  • ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื ื [ื‘. ืง.]  ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.  ื”ืฉืœื—, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืœืดืโ€“ืœืดื• (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจื ืดื˜โ€“ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืดืก, ื™ื•ืœื™โ€“ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1899), ืขืžืณ 259โ€“261 <ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ืณืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืณ> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 27โ€“30>
ืขืœ ืดื›ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืืด ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืดืœืฉืžืฉืด
  • ืœืฉืžืฉ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ืœึพืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ / ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ื– (ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1996)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ื–: โ€“ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื‘ื—ืจ (ืขืžืณ 7โ€“12)
    • ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ: โ€“ ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืดื›ืœื™ืœึพื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืชืด ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืžืณ 13โ€“27)
    • ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื: โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ (ืขืžืณ 29โ€“35)
    • ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: โ€“ ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืžื•ืจืฉื” (ืขืžืณ 37โ€“39)
    • ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ: โ€“ ื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ (ืขืžืณ 41โ€“48)
    • ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ: โ€“  ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช (49โ€“53)
    • ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’: โ€“   ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืžืณ 55โ€“65)
    • ื“ื‘ ืœื ื“ืื•: โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฉืžื“ ืœืจื™ื— ืื“ืžืชึพื‘ื•ืœ : ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ืœึพื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ (ืขืžืณ 67โ€“107)
    • ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ื–: โ€“ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžืื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ ืœื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืžืณ 109โ€“132)
    • ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ: โ€“ ื›ืœื™ืœึพื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ ื›ืกื•ื’ื” (ืขืžืณ 133โ€“156)
    • ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืื ืŸ: โ€“ ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช (ืขืžืณ 157โ€“187)
    • ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื: โ€“ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ (ืขืžืณ 189โ€“216)
    • ื‘ืขื– ืขืจืคืœื™ : โ€“ ืชื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ืœึพื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช  ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ (ืขืžืณ 217โ€“278)
    • ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™: โ€“  ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ ื›ืœื™ืœึพืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช (ืขืžืณ 279โ€“291)
    • ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช (ืขืžืณ 293โ€“294)
  • ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ืœึพื”ืกื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืดืœืฉืžืฉืด.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืื ืš : ื‘ืžื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืืณ (ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 142โ€“147.
  • ืฉื”ื, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืณืฉืžืฉืณ ืฆื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ : ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืณืœืฉืžืฉืณ..  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื” : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ... (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืดืŸ 1990), ืขืžืณ 149โ€“178.
ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืื™ืžื” ืดืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื. ืดืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด โ€“ ืฉืชื™ ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื•ืช.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณื“ื‘ืจืณ), ื’ืœืณ 39 (197) (ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื•, 19 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1975), ืขืžืณ 1 * <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978), ืขืžืณ 54โ€“59>
  • ืืœื˜ืจ, ืื•ืจื™.  ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ื”ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ืื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘, ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.  ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื’ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 2 (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1971), ืขืžืณ 187โ€“195.
  • ื‘ืŸึพื’ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ.  ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื˜, ื’ืœืณ ืืณ (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื”), ืขืžืณ 8โ€“10 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืณืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืณ, ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 9โ€“10 (ืชืžื•ื–โ€“ืื‘ ืชืฉื™ืดื’, ื™ื•ืœื™โ€“ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1953), ืขืžืณ 14>
  • ื‘ืŸึพืฉืžืื™, ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ.  ื›ื ืกืช [ืคืจืง] ื‘. ืคืจืงื™ ืคื™ื•ื˜.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื—ืณ (ืกืดื—) (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืดื), ืขืžืณ 91โ€“95 <ืกืงื™ืจื”>
  • ื‘ื ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.  ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื.  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื“ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื–ืณโ€“ื™ืดื‘ (ืžืดื’โ€“ืžืดื—) (ืฉื‘ื˜โ€“ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืดื‘, ื™ื ื•ืืจโ€“ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942), ืขืžืณ 151โ€“152.
  • ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืชืŸ.  ื›ื ืกืช [ืคืจืง] ื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื”.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 5โ€“6 (ื ื™ืกืŸโ€“ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดื), ืขืžืณ 372โ€“373 <ืกืงื™ืจื”>
  • ื’ืขืฉ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.  ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืดืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›ืดื“, 4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10, 13.
  • ื”ื“ื•ืžื™, ืœืื”. ื”ืณื›ื•ื•ืจืชืณ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืดืขืžื ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด.  ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 23 (ืชืฉืžืดื— 1987), ืขืžืณ 117โ€“131.
  • ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ืืด.  ื ื™ื‘, ื›ืจืš ื—ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ืืณ (ืชืฉืจื™โ€“ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื•), ืขืžืณ 23โ€“25.
  • ื™ื•ื ืื™, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”.  ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืดืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืืžื”.  ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 23 (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1976), ืขืžืณ 76โ€“87.
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘. ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื›ืดื, 24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1961, ืขืžืณ 10, 13.
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ืขืžื ื“ื“ื”ื‘ื.  ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ื” ื‘ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 62 (ื›ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื•, 27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1945), ืขืžืณ 3 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1963), ืขืžืณ 26โ€“28 ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื‘ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ืข, ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืกืคืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983), ืขืžืณ 26โ€“34, ื‘ืฉื: ืดืฉื—ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจืด>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ : ืœืณืขืžืง ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืณ ืฉืœ ืฉ. ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื–, 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1946, ืขืžืณ 3 * <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืจืชื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 166โ€“173>
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™.  ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›ืดื” ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›ืดื˜, 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1958, ืขืžืณ 5 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชืด ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื’), ืขืžืณ 144โ€“149>
  • ืงื“ืžื™, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ. ืดืขืžื ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช.  ืขืœื™ึพืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 21 โ€“22 (ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984), ืขืžืณ 125โ€“152.
  • ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืš.  ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืดืขืžื ื“ื“ื”ื‘ืืด ืœื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื•).  ืœื•ื— ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™ืดื“ 1953โ€“1954 (1953), ืขืžืณ 141โ€“160 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื 1960), ืขืžืณ 256โ€“280;  ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1963), ืขืžืณ 276โ€“301; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967), ืขืžืณ 296โ€“321; ื•ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื‘ 1971), ืขืžืณ 296โ€“321>
  • ืฉืื ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™).  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื”, ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘), ืคืจืง ื˜ืดื–, ืขืžืณ 134โ€“309.
  • ืฉื ื”ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ืฉื™ืจื” ื“ื“ื”ื‘ื (ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ืืด).  ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ, ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ื’ืœืณ 23 (ื’ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื“, 22 ื‘ืžืื™ 1944), ืขืžืณ 23.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆืืด
  • ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ื”. ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”ืด ื•ืดื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื”ืด.   ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™ืดื˜, 3 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1958), ืขืžืณ ืโ€“ื‘ <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช  (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975), ืขืžืณ 63โ€“66>
  • ืื—ื™ืžืื™ืจ, ืื‘ืดื.  ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื” ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื—ื ื ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืงื•ื.  ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื”, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1944, ืขืžืณ ื’.
  • ืื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’, ืฉืœืžื”.  ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.  ื”ื“ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 42, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืณ (ื—ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1963), ืขืžืณ 162โ€“163.
  • ื‘ืื ื“, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™? : ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืคืกืœ ืืคื•ืœื•. ื”ื“ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 77, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘ (ื›ืดื— ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื—, 24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1998), ืขืžืณ 14โ€“17 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, 2007), ืขืžืณ 195โ€“206>
  • ื‘ืื ื“, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, 2007), ืขืžืณ 101โ€“114 <ืขืœ ืดื”ืžืื›ืœืชืด ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืจื’, ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆืืด ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืดืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืชืด ืžืืช ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื–>
  • ื‘ื”ื˜, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆืืด ื•ื‘ืดื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืžื•ื ื™ืืด.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืžืืกืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจืช, ื›ืจืš ื“ืณ (ืชืฉื›ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 411โ€“432 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ โ€“ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžื•ืจื” / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืณ ืฉืงื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ 20โ€“31>
  • ื‘ื•ืกืืง, ืžืื™ืจ.  ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”ืด.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื“, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1963), ืขืžืณ 442โ€“444.
  • ื‘ืŸึพื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื•ื ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™.  ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืืณ (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดืœ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969), ืขืžืณ 53โ€“60.
  • ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื™ื‘.  ื”ื ืงืžื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.  ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื” 42, ื›ืจืš ื‘ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 13 (ื’ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื˜, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 14โ€“15.
  • ื’ืจื•ืก, ื‘ืŸึพืฆื™ื•ืŸ.  ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ (ื›ืดื˜), ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืงืกืดื•) (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื™ืดื—, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958), ืขืžืณ 109โ€“112.
  • ื›ื ืขื ื™, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืื™ืžื” ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆืืด.  ืคืจืงื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื™ืดื– (ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดืš), ืขืžืณ 269.
  • ืœื•ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸึพืœื‘ื™ื, ืžืฉื” ื–ืื‘.  ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืฉื. ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืจืš 7 (ืชืฉืดื” 1944), ืขืžืณ 384โ€“398.
  • ืข. ืž.  ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืจ ...  ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ, ื›ืดื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืฆืดื˜, 14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1939, ืขืžืณ ื”ืณ.
  • ืขืงื‘ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืขืœ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”ืด โ€“ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื“, ื’ืœืณ 9โ€“10 (ืื™ื™ืจโ€“ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืŸ, ืžืื™โ€“ื™ื•ื ื™ 1990), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“99.
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ืืจื™ื”.  ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืงื™ื (ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืคื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™).  ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ (ื ื™ืกืŸโ€“ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจืขืดื—), ืขืžืณ 610โ€“660 <ืขืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขืžืณ 640โ€“647>
  • ืงื“ืžื™, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ.  ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ืžืื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”ืด.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื™ืดื– ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืœืดื”, 25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1975, ืขืžืณ 6, 7 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981), ืขืžืณ 35โ€“43>
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืกืžื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืžืœื™ืœื” : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (ืžื ืฆืณืกื˜ืจ), ื›ืจืš 1 (ืชืฉืดื“ 1944), ืขืžืณ 152โ€“162.
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” : ืœืžืœืืช ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ืืณ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืดื“โ€“ืชืฉื™ืดื“.  ื”ื‘ืงืจ, ื›ืดื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™ืดื“, 30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1953, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ืฉืื ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™).  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื”, ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘), ืคืจืง ื˜ืดื–, ืขืžืณ 134โ€“309.
  • ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ.  ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื— ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื’, 27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1942, ืขืžืณ 3.
  • ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืก, ื™ืขืงื‘. ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”ืด.  ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—, ื›ืจืš ืœืดื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื‘ืณ (ื›ืดื•) (ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืขืดื—, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1918), ืขืžืณ 199โ€“202.
ืขืœ ืดื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืจื›ื™ืืด ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ
ืขืœ ืดื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืด
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื•ืก. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื ืดื’, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 9 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื”ื™ึถื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006), ืขืžืณ 115โ€“119> <ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืดื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืด, ืดื”ืืคื•ืกื™ืืด>
  • ื“ื™ืงืžืŸ, ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืชืจื’ื ื’ืื•ืŸ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 328 (ื›ืดื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื˜, 9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1999), ืขืžืณ 28.
ืขืœ ืดืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ืขื– ืขืจืคืœื™ (2015)

ืขืœ ืดืžืฉื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ื’ื•ืจืด ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืื•ืชื”ืด ืžืืช ื”. ื•. ืœื•ื ื’ืคืœื•
  • ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉืœื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 23, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ื™ืดื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื“, 12 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1943), ืขืžืณ 29โ€“30.
  • ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ, ืคื™ืฉืœ [ืœโ€“ืจ.]  ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืื•ืชื”.  ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช : ื‘ื™ืžื” ื—ืคืฉื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื”โ€“ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืื—ื™ืกืคืจ, ืชืจืขืดื’ 1913), ืขืžืณ 325.
  • ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ, ืคื™ืฉืœ.  ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• (ืžืืžืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื“ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื•ืณ (ื›ืดื“) (ื—ืฉื•ืŸโ€“ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืฆืดื•), ืขืžืณ 560โ€“570 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1953), ืขืžืณ 21โ€“38>
  • ืžืจื’ืฉื™ืฉ, ืฉ.  ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืื•ื•ืชื”.  ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื’ืณ (ืื‘ ืชืจืขืดื’, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1913), ืขืžืณ 135โ€“137 <ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืช, ื‘.>
ืขืœ ืดืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”ืด ืœื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก
  • ื‘ืจื•ืก, ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืค.  ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื™ืœื™ืืก (ืงื˜ืขึพืคืจืง).  ืžืฆื•ื“ื”, ืกืคืจ ื’โ€“ื“ (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื”, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1945), ืขืžืณ 285โ€“287.
  • ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืชืŸ [ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืื˜].  ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืดืื™ืœื™ืืกืด.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ืืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืฆืดื•, 27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1935, ืขืžืณ  7.
ืขืœ ืดืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”ืด ื•ืดืื•ื“ื™ืกืื”ืด ืœื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ืื™ืื•ืก ื•ืจื•ื“ืชึพื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1987, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 6.
  • ืฉืคืืŸ, ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ืืคื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ืžืจื™ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 11โ€“19 <ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962>
ืขืœ ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืด ืžืืช ืืดืž ืžื–ื™ื
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL142112A Wikidata โ€“ Q521410 NLI โ€“ 987007268715505171 LC โ€“ n82071938 VIAF โ€“ 12420180
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2026

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