ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืื ืŸ (1919ึพ1998)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Avraham Shaanan

    ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืื ืŸ (ืคืจื™ื“ืคืจื˜ื™ื’) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจ"ืฃ, 3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1919. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1935. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืืจื™ืก (1946ึพ1947). ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (1952). ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1953ึพ1957 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื” ื ืชืžื ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืœื™ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื“ 1961. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1963 ืœ-1966 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืกืคื—-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืืจื™ืก, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืฉื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช. ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช (1970 ื•ืื™ืœืš). ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื "ื—, 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1998.
    ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื” (1962ึพ1977). ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืื– ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” (ืจืžื—"ืœ) ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (ื”ื–ื–, ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ). ื“ื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืœืฉืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื–ื™ืงื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ืงืœืกื™ืฆื™ื–ื, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื™ืื•-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืงื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
    ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช (1959 ื•ืื™ืœืš) ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื, ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืกืคืจื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง: ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืžืจื“ (1976) ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื–ื, ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื” ืžืืœืจื•, ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ืกืœื™ืŸ ื•ืก. ื™ื–ื”ืจ. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (1984), ื”ืžืžืคื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื”ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื•ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื ืืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื’ื“: ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, 'ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช' ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื. ืฉืื ืŸ ืขืจืš ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืขื•ืœื: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, 1966), ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ (1952) ื•ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ (1954), ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืฉืœืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืืชืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ  : ืจื•ืžืืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื• 1955)
  • ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1962ึพ1977) <5 ื›ืจื›ื™ื>
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื. ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” -- ื‘. ื”ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื -- ื’. ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื -- ื“. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” -- ื”. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื”ื.
  • ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ : ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1984)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื”"
ืขืœ "ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™: ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”"
  • ื‘ืจ-ืืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืกื‘ืš ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.  ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’ืœ' 34 (1985), ืขืž' 179ึพ185 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืคื” : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืก, ื—ื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืก"ื˜ 2009), ืขืž' 193ึพ203>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ