ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ (1956)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Avner Holtzman

    ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™"ื–, 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1956 ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื•ืœืืžื•, ืœื™ืœื” (ืœืื”) ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื•ื™ืจืกืงื™. ืœืžื“ ื‘"ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ" ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืืช ืชืืจื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘-1992 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘-1997 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘-2001 ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ืขืœ ืคืขืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืœื ื“ืื• ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก (2005), ืคืจืก ืืกืจืฃ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (2012) ื•ืคืจืก ืก' ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžื›ืœืœืช ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš (2013). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืชื“ืจื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืข"ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
    ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ "ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™". ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (1986), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืžื˜ื™: ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื–'ืื ืจื™: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื: ืžืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืœืžื”ืคื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ โ€“ ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืชืจืž"ื–-ืชืจืก"ื‘) ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™.
    ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืข ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื. ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘. ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืงืคืจืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช. ื’. ื”ืกืคืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ (2002), ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืงืคืจืกื˜ื™ืช. ื“. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื, ื”ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” โ€“ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืœ"ื’ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
    ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ืขืœื• ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื™ื: ื”ื›ืจืช ืคื ื™ื (1993) โ€“ ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•; ืืœ ื”ืงืจืข ืฉื‘ืœื‘ (1995), ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืขื•ืกืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘"ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”" ืฉืœื• (ืชืจืž"ื–-ืชืจืก"ื‘); ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (2003), ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ืžืกื•ืช, ื—ืœืงืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘"ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื”" ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื•ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื: ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘, ืค' ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”, ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื– ื•ืขื•ื“; ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ (2011), ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื–"ืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืชื— ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืžืคืจื”: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืื—ื“. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ื—ืฃ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช; ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืกืš, ืฉืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื™ืชืคืฉ ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืื—ื“. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-1987 ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ "ื’ื ื–ื™ ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ", ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื–ื™ ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืจื™ื: ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช (2011), ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกืคื—, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืœืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ. ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (2009).
    ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืงืคืจืกื™ืก; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืฉื’" (1997); ื•ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช - ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” : ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช (1999). ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช ื›"ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" (ืฉื, 13), ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘"ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™-ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช" ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
    ืกืคืจื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ (2002) ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืกื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืืงืคืจืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžืกื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืจื’ืข ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
    ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ืœืช-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•  ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ (2006), ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžืืžืจื™ื•, ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืžืจืงืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•: ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื-ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ืžื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ืกืคืจื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืžืื•ื“, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื”.
    ื‘ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (2005) ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1987ึพ2003. ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžืกื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื ืคื ื•ืจืืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”.  ื‘-2015 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”   ืžืคืชื— ื”ืœื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘-2016 ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื  ืขื“ ื”ืœื•ื : ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
    ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื”ื: ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื”ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (1989); ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื” (1989); ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื”ืจื ืคืจื™ื™ื–, ืœืืŸ? ืžืกื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช (1998); ืกื“ืŸ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืจืš ื“: "ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื" (2000); The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe (2008) (ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช); ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (2014); ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ (1998); ื"ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช (2008); ื‘ืขื– ืขืจืคืœื™, ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืขื“: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (2011).

[ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื']
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”"
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“.  ืžื•ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืž"ื–, 13 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1987, ืขืž' 24 <ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ืœืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ>
  • ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืจืœื™.  ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 66, ื’ืœ' ื™"ื– (ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืž"ื–, 13 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1987), ืขืž' 15ึพ16.
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ: ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ื™' (ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื—ื•ื‘' 45ึพ48 (1990ึพ1991), ืขืž' 177ึพ182 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ : ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœืคืœื“ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉ"ืข 2010), ืขืž' 250ึพ257>
ืขืœ "ืืœ ื”ืงืจืข ืฉื‘ืœื‘"
  • ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™: ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 37 (ืชืฉื "ื–), ืขืž' 321ึพ325.
ืขืœ "ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช"
  • ื›ืฅ, ืื‘ื™.  Ut pictura poesis?.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื—, 6 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1998, ืขืž' ื“ 3.
ืขืœ "ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช - ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”"
  • ืื‘ื•ืฉ, ื“ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื•ืงื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 381 (ื™"ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืก, 14 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000), ืขืž' 54.
ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™"
  • ืื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืœืžื”. ืื™ื—ื•ื™ ืจืงืžื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2002, ืขืž' 26.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื”ื™ืœ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื’' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2002, ืขืž' 26ึพ27.
  • ืคื•ืจืช, ืืœื™ืฉืข. ืžืกืข ื‘ืœืฉื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™"ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2002, ืขืž' ื” 3 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ', ืฉื ื” 81, ื’ืœ' ื™"ื– (ื›"ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 5 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2002), ืขืž' 19ึพ20>
ืขืœ "ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช"
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืกื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื”. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื“' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 14 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2002, ืขืž' 12.
ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" (2004)
ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง"
  • ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“, ื™ืขืจื”.  ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ ื•ืคืœื™ืื” ื ืชื™ื‘ืชื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืค"ื’, ื’ืœ' 2 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ-ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื˜, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009), ืขืž' 51ึพ53.
  • ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช.  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 337ึพ338 (ืื“ืจ-ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื˜, ืžืืจืก-ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009), ืขืž' 22ึพ25.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ื‘, ื™ืžื™ืžื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.  ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื’ืœ' 321 (ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื˜, ืžืื™ 2009), ืขืž' 50ึพ52.
  • ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ืขืงื™ื‘ื.  ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื“.  ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื—' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื˜, 28 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009, ืขืž' 18.
ืขืœ "ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


[ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018]

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ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

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