ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ (1935โ€“2025)

Amos Levitan

    ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืดื’ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 12 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1935. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ืคืจ ืžืกืจื™ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืด (1955โ€“1970), ื•ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืดื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืชืด ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ึพ1995. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืดืžืฉืืด, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืดื“ื‘ืจืด, ื•ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ืกื’ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ึพ1996. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1976). ืžืื– 1996 ืคื™ืจืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ึพื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืดืขืชื•ืŸ 77ืด. ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ื ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืดืžืฆื“ ื–ื”ืด, ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ (2005).
    ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื”ืืจืฅืด ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื”, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืดืžืฉืืด. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืดืชึฐื ึธื ืœืฉืœื•ืืด ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื (ื‘ื•ืงืจืฉื˜, 1953).
    ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืดืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ืืด (ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1963), ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื‘ืš ื”ื›ืคืจื™, ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืดืืจืฅ ื ืขืจืด (1983), ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื ื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•. ื‘ืดื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืชืด (1986) ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืดืงึนืจึถื˜ืด (1990) ื•ืดืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึท ืึทืœื™ืืด (2002) ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ึพ2008 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ืดื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ืื•ืจื™ื: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืด, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืœื“.
    ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžืืžื•ื ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืœืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ืขืงื” ืฉืงื˜ื™ื, ื ื™ืžืช ืงื™ื ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจืกื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืคืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (1995), ืคืจืก ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืดื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืชืด (1987) ื•ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉื ืื ื” ืคืจื ืง ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืœืกืคืจื• ืดืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ืืด (1962).
    ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืคืดื•, 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2025.

       

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1961)
  • ืืจืฅ ื ืขืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983)
  • ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986)
  • ืงื•ืจื˜ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืดืขืชื•ืŸ 77ืด โ€“ ืฆืณืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ, 1990)
  • ืฉื™ื— ืืœื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ืชืฉืกืดื‘ 2002)
  • ืžืฆื“ ื–ื” : ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005) <ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืณืžืฆื“ ื–ื”ืณ ื‘ืดืขืชื•ืŸ 77ืด>
  • ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ืื•ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืกืดื— 2008) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืœื“>
  • ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ืชืฉืคืดื” 2025)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื” : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ื ืžืœื™ื / ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ืจืคื– (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997)
  • ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื•ื— : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืจื—ืœ ืžืœื™ืงึพื—ืœื“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื— 1998)
  • ืืชื” ืชืจืงื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืืžืขื“ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืจื ื” ืฉื™ื ืคืœื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืชืžื•ื–, 1998)
  • ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข. ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ ื”ื“ืขืช. ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 1 (1998), ืขืžืณ 27โ€“28. (ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ืดื“ืขืด>
ืขืœ ืดืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ืืด
  • ืฉ. ื‘ึพื™.  ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจ.  ืืžื•ืช : ื“ื•ึพื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ืืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ืืณ (ืื‘โ€“ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื‘, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜โ€“ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962), ืขืžืณ 88โ€“91.
ืขืœ ืดืืจืฅ ื ืขืจืด
  • ื‘ืŸึพืฉืœืžื”, ื ื™ืฆื”. ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ืคื—. ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 1โ€“2 (1985), ืขืžืณ 171.
  • ื’ื ื•ืกืจ, ื™ืื™ืจื”. ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 42 (1983), ืขืžืณ 57.
ืขืœ ืดื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืชืด
  • ืืกืึพื‘ืœื ื“ืจ, ืื™ืœื”. ืœืชืขื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืžืณ 23.
  • ื’ื ื•ืกืจ, ื™ืื™ืจื”. ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื ื“ื™ื‘. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื”ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืžืณ 25.
  • ืžื’ื“, ืื™ืœ. ื ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื ื—ืžื” ื•ื›ืžืฉืœ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืดื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 6โ€“ื‘ 7.
  • ืžืฉืžืจ, ืชืžืจ. ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 82โ€“83 (ื›ืกืœื•โ€“ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื–, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจโ€“ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1986), ืขืžืณ 13.
  • ืฉื™ื™ื ืคืœื“, ืื™ืœืŸ. ืฉื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ื’ื” ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›ืดื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืžืณ 16.
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืžืณ 21.
ืขืœ ืดืงืจื˜ืด
  • ืืฉืœ, ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื—ื ื”, ื’ืœืณ 28 (28 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990), ืขืžืณ 40.
  • ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืืœื›ืก. ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื ืดื, 11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 19.
  • ืœืฉื, ื’ื™ื•ืจื. ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื–ืืŸ. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื”ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 2 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ 19.
  • ืžืฉืžืจ, ืชืžืจ. ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืžืœื. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 122 (ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืŸ, ืžืืจืก 1990), ืขืžืณ 9.
  • ื ืกื™ื, ืงื•ื‘ื™. ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื“, ื’ืœืณ 8 (1990), ืขืžืณ 39.
  • ืงื•ืฅ, ืžืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ึพื˜ืง. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 17 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1990, ืขืžืณ 24.
  • ืฉืชืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 11 ื‘ืžืื™ 1990, ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ื— ืืœื™ืืด
  • ื‘ืŸึพืฉืื•ืœ, ืžืฉื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 266 (2002), ืขืžืณ 8โ€“9.
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื”. ืดืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืšืด. ืคืกื™ืคืก, ื’ืœืณ 57 (2004), ืขืžืณ 43โ€“44.
  • ืžื•ืงื“, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. [ื’.ืž.] ืฉื™ื— ืืœื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 69โ€“70 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005), ืขืžืณ 384โ€“385.
  • ื ืกื™ื, ืงื•ื‘ื™. ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืขืดื•, ื’ืœืณ 6 (2002), ืขืžืณ 60.
  • ืคืœื“, ืขื•ื“ื“. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื‘, 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2002, ืขืžืณ 31.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ืื•ืจื™ืืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:
OpenLibrary โ€“ OL4181535A Wikidata โ€“ Q6678374 NLI โ€“ 987007297383905171 LC โ€“ n88241456 VIAF โ€“ 28636789
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