ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจืคืืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ (1895ึพ1980)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Eliezer Raphael Malachi

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจืคืืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ [ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ] ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื–' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจื "ื”, 3 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1895. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืกืชื•ืคืคื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจืข"ื‘ (1912) ื™ืฆื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื-ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉื. ืžืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉื ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘-1919 ื—ื–ืจ ืืจืฆื” ื•ื‘-1922 ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘"ื”ื“ื•ืืจ") ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ืคื™ืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 (ื‘"ืœื•ื— ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืœื•ื ืฅ) ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช (ื•ืขื“ ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื). ืžืื– ืคื™ืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืชื”, ืื’ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืืฃ ืคื™ืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื). ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจืคืืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉ"ื, 2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1980 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ-ื˜ื•ื‘.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish leksikon]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืจืค"ื•)
  • ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง : ื›ึผื ืจืช, 1928)
  • ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื– 1937)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืฆืœืœื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืช"ืฉ)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจืคืืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ : ืขื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• / ืžืืช ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง : ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื’)
  • ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื : ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ) ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : "ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ", ืชืฉ"ื•)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืจื’ : ืขื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• / ืžืืช ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืคื™ื•ื˜ื•ืจื, ืชืฉื™"ื’)
  • ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ืœืœ : ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉื›"ื‘)
  • ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื) <ืœื™ืงื˜ื” ื’ืœื™ื” ื™ืจื“ื ื™-ืื’ืžื•ืŸ ; ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœืžื” ื“ืจืš>
  • ืžื ื’ื“ ืชืจืื” : ืืกื•ืคื” ืžืžืืžืจื™ ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001) <ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื - ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืื™ ; ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื–ืœืงื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืŸ>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืื’ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸ : ืขื ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ื•ืขืฆื ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• / ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืžืืŸ, ืžื‘ื•ื, ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืคืจื™ืฉืžืืŸ, ืชืจืค"ื–)
  • ืื’ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื / ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื“"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื™ืœืจ, ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ 1931) <"ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ... ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ... ื—ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ..." .- ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš>
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™-ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืชืฉ"ื™)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘. ื. ืจ. ืžืœืื›ื™ - ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1978), ืขืž' 206ึพ210.
  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘. ื. ืจ. ืžืœืื›ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืขืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืงืฉืจ, ื’ืœ' 7 (ืžืื™ 1990), ืขืž' 41ึพ46.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื“, ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ.  ื. ืจ. ืžืœืื›ื™ - ื—ื›ื ื ื“ื™ืจ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 59, ื’ืœ' ื›"ื (ื‘' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื, 18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1980), ืขืž' 345ึพ346.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื“, ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ.  ื. ืจ. ืžืœืื›ื™ ื–"ืœ.  ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ืจืš 39, ื—ื•ื‘' ื“' (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ื, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1980), ืขืž' 219ึพ222.
ืขืœ "ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช"
  • ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  "ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช".   ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš 13, ื’ืœ' 35 (ื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืฆ"ื—, 8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1938), ืขืž' 4 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ื™ื ืก ื–ืื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉ"ืš 1960), ืขืž' 161ึพ163>
ืขืœ "ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ"
  • ืจื–, ืฉืžื—ื”.  ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื” ืœ"ื’, ื›ืจืš ืก"ื’, ื’ืœ' ื' (294) (ืชืฉืจื™-ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื‘, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ-ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1971), ืขืž' 39ึพ41 <ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘'ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื’' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื‘>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ