ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืžื— (1886ึพ1974)

Shlomo Zemach


ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืžื—.
    ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช
: ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช / ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืžื—. -- ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืžืกื“ื”', 1965.
    178, [1] ืขืž'.
 

"ืงืจืืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช" ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืกืคืชื™ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ืื” ืืชื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืึธืคืงื ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ; ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืคืชื•ื— ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™-ืืจืฅ.
    ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืฉืžื“ ืขืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืชื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึตื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืžื” ืชื™ืžื” ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื—ื•ืžื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
    ื›ื“ืจื›ื™, ืื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืืœื ืžื’ื™ื” ืคืœื™ื˜ืช-ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ื•ืžืกืœืง ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” (ืื• ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื”) ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื—ืง ื›ืคืœ-ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืจื•ืขื• ืชื•ืกืคืชื•. ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืขื ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื”ืœืš. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืชื ืื•ืคื™ื•, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืื•ื ืื”, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ื•ืช - ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช - ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•. ืกืคืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–"ืœ - "ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื–ืงื™ื ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื”ืŸ". ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืชืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื”. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืคื” ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื•. ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉื•ื‘-ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘-ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืขึตืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’-ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”. ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื“ื ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช-ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช-ื ืคืฉื• ืœื ื ืกืชืœืงื• ืžืžื ื•, ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืชืชืงื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ ืืฉืจ ื—ื ื ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื•."
    ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืจืฅ 1964. [ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžืืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืžื—]

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื”  (ืขืž' 7ึพ8)
  • ืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืื™ 1943> (ืขืž' 9ึพ12)
  • ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ <ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ>  <ื ื—ืชื: ืžืงื•ื”-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1922> (ืขืž' 13ึพ28)
  • ืžืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ <ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”. ืืœื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื–ืžืŸ> <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1960> (ืขืž' 29ึพ37)
  • ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ-ืื‘ื•ืช <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1937> (ืขืž' 38ึพ49)
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1943>  (ืขืž' 50ึพ58)
  • ืื™ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” <ื ื—ืชื: ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1945> (ืขืž' 59ึพ66)
  • ืฉื™ื™ืจื™-ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก   (ืขืž' 67ึพ116)
  • ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1947>  (ืขืž' 117ึพ121)
  • ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื•ืชืจืคื™ื  <ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื’ืœ' ืง"ื› ืฉืœ 'ืžื•ืœื“'> <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1959> (ืขืž' 122ึพ141)
  • ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื  <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1960> (ืขืž' 142ึพ148)
  • ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืœื ื ืžืฉืœ  <ืขืœ 'ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ' ืœื"ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข>  <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1962> (ืขืž' 149ึพ160)
  • ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืœื™ื <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1960>  (ืขืž' 161ึพ167)
  • ืขื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” <ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš> <ื ื—ืชื: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1963>(ืขืž' 168ึพ[179])

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ