ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื (1910โ€“1992)

Daniel Ben Nahum

    ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื (ืคืจื•ื—ื•ื‘ื ื™ืง), ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืืคืจื™ื-ื ื—ื•ื ืคืจื—ื™ื”ื•, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื, ื‘ื™ืดื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืจืดืข, 24 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1910 ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช  ืดื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด, ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื—ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื“ืจื›ื”. ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื ื ืกื™, ืฆืจืคืช (1927โ€“1929), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช  ืดื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–  ืดื”ื—ืœื•ืฅืด. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1933 ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืœื™ื˜ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ื–ืจืข. ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืชืจื’ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘ (1934), ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฉืื ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื“ืจื›ื•. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืžืจื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1965 (ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื). ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื•: ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (1962); ืืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื (1965); ืขื ืžื—ืจ ื•ืืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืื™-ืื– (1990).
    ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ื ื˜ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื•ื”ืคืืชื•ืก. ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืก ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืงื•ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ (1963).
    ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื”

ืื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืฉื•ืœื” ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช-ื–ืจืข; ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืžื”; ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื ืดื’, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื ื” ืงื–ืžื™ืจืกืงื™-ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1962)
  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืžืจื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื• 1965) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืขืงื” : ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื‘ืจื ืจ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1971)
  • ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืคืจื’ : ืคื•ืืžื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1972) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื•ืžืจ>
  • ืืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืžื—ื™>
  • ืขื ืžื—ืจ ื•ืืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืื™-ืื– : ืืกืคืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื•ืกืคืจ, 1990) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืื™ืจื ื” ื’ื•ืœื ื™>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ / ืค. ืื ื’ืœืก ; ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื“. ืคืจื•ื—ื•ื‘ื ื™ืง [=ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื] (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1940)
  • ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื / ืื™. ืืจื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ; ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดื’) <ืดื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืืงื›ื•ืก ื‘ืื‘ืฃืด>
  • ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” / ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ื•ืจืฉืžืŸ ; [ืชื™ืจื’ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื ; ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื’] (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื‘ื•ืš, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997) <ืจื•ืžืŸ>
ืขืจื™ื›ื” (ืžื‘ื—ืจ):
  • ื‘ื™ืช-ื–ืจืข : ื›ืดื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื• (ื‘ื™ืช-ื–ืจืข : ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช-ื–ืจืข, ืชืฉื™ืดื“)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ื‘ืณ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘ ; ืขืจื›ื• ืœืณ ืœื•ื™ื˜ื”, ื“ืณ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ; ืชืจื’ื ืžืณ ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ื‘ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ; ื•ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื˜ืดื•-ืชืฉื›ืดื•) 3 ื›ืจืณ.
  • ื›ืื ื—ืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ : ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืดื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด ื•ืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื”)
  • ื‘ื“ืจืš : ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช / ื”ืขื•ืจืš - ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื (ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” : ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ืœื™ืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื—-     ) <ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชืฉืœืดื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™: ืžืืกืฃ>
  • ื‘ื˜ืจื ืฉื•ืื” : ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื“ืขืช-ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” 1933โ€“1939 / ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ; (ืขืจื›ื•: ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืฉืฃ) (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ืจืฉืช - ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืœื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื•ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื“)
  • ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืขืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืจื’ ; ื›ื™ื ืก ื•ืขืจืš ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื (ื‘ื™ืช ื–ืจืข : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื–)
  • ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช : ืกืคืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื™ืช, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ืœื•ื™ ื“ืจื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืชื—, ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1986)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื / ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื›ื•ื‘ ; ืชื™ืจื’ื•ื, ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื—ื•ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืžืขืœื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืขื ืžื—ืจ ื•ืืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืื™-ืื–ืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q16339185 J9U โ€“ 987007258583905171 NLI โ€“ 000017799 LC โ€“ n87135401 VIAF โ€“ 249738322
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021

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