ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ (1881โ€“1958)

Jacob Fichman


ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ.
    ื‘ื˜ืจื ืื‘ื™ื‘
: ืžืกื•ืช / ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ; ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื”. -- ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959.
    519 ืขืžืณ.

    ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืฉืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, โ€“ ื”ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืžื ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, โ€“ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื” โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืขืชื•ื ืื•ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, โ€“ ืชืงื•ืคืช-ื”ืชื—ื™ื”, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื”, ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžืกืื™, โ€“ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื˜ืจื-ืื‘ื™ื‘.
    ืดื”ืžืกื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ืžืกื” ืžืกื” ืœื–ืžื ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข, ืื ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื–ื›ืจื”. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“, ื›ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจึพื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ืœื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืื• ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ, ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, - ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฆืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื”ืžืื—ื“ ืžืขืฆื ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื•, ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืœืœ ืื—ื“, ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
    ืื›ืŸ, ืกืคืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ื‘ื”, ืืช ืžื ื™ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืคืก ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขื™ืŸึพื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื›ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืคืก ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœึพื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื•ืžืขื•ื“ืŸึพื”ื˜ืขื ; ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืš ื•ืœืชืืจ ื›ืš, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืชืœืคื™ื•ืช, โ€“ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื, ืžื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืžื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื ื•ืœืืกืจื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, โ€“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.ืด

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:


[ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2016]

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ