ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” (1899โ€“1983)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yisrael Zmora

    ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืฆืณื•ืžื‘ืื•ืฆืณื™, ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื– ืฉื‘ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจื ืดื˜, 7 ื‘ืžืื™ 1899.  ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืณื—ื“ืจืณ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื“ืกื” ื•ื‘ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ึพ1925 ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” (ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ืณื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืืณ ื•ืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืณ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพืขืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืกื™ืช).  ื‘ึพ1940 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืณืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืชืณ (1940โ€“1954) ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื ื–ื”ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช (ืณืคื• ื”ื“ื‘ืณ). ื‘ึพ1960 ืขืจืš ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืณืฉื—ืจื™ืชืณ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขืช ืณืžืื–ื ื™ืืณ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืดืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืดื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื“, 4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]
 [ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ืณ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™, 1974]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื—ืžืฉ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช : ืžืกื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืฃ, 1973)
ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืจื—ืœ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื’ืจื•ืช / ืžืืช ืจื—ืœ ืžื•ืจืคื•ืจื’ื• (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื’)
    <ืขื ืณืกืคื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืชืณ ืžืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™>
  • ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช ืžืžื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื ืกืง / ื .ืก. ืœืกืงื•ื‘ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื•) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื‘ืณ ืงื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื‘>
  • ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืจื™ ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื–) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืดื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ โ€“ ืดื—ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจืด (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื, ืชืจื›ืดื• 1865), ื•ืดืฆืจื•ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ืืด (ืื“ืขืกืกื, ืชืจื›ืดื— 1868) ื•ื›ืŸ ืดืคื–ื•ืจื™ ื. ืงื•ื‘ื ืจืด, ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืดื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพืขืช ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื ืกื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืื’ืจืช ืžืืช ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ืœืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™, ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืจื•ื–ื ื•ื‘>
  • ื ื–ื ื–ื”ื‘ : ืฆืดื– ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœืžื ืฆื™ ; ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื™)
  • ืžืฉืœื™ ืื–ื•ืคื•ืก / ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœ. ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช>
  • ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ / ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืกื”ื•ืœื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952)
  • ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ / ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ืื‘ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื—)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื / ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื›ืก ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ>
  • ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืคืช ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื / ืžืืช ืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื .ื•. ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ. ื. ืฆืณื—ื•ื‘, ื .ืก. ืœืกืงื•ื‘ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, 1966)
    <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ืžื“ื‘ื“ / ืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ื™ืฉืŸ / ื .ื•. ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ / ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘ / ื. ืฆืณื—ื•ื‘. ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช ืžืžื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื ืกืง / ื .ืก. ืœืกืงื•ื‘>
  • ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ / ืžืจืกืœ ืคืจื•ืกื˜ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1968)
  • ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” : ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืคื•ืœื™ / ื. ืื•ืจื‘ืš (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื—) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื 1980>
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•: ืขืœ ืดื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืจื™ ืงื•ื‘ื ืจืด ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืดืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸืด ืœื’ืดื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืจ
  • ืฆื—, ื™. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ (ื›ืดื˜), ื’ืœืณ ื‘ืณ  (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื™ืดื—, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958), ืขืžืณ 132.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”ืด ืœืืคืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš
  • ืื•ื”ืœ, ืžื™ืœื.  ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื ื•ืกื™ื™ืคื, 6 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1968, ืขืžืณ 28.
 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 8 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ