ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (1907ึพ1948)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Zwi Kroll

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืกืง (ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก) ื‘ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืก"ื–, 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1907. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1925. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขืกืง ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืชื•ื ืื•ืช. ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืœ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ, ืื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื). ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›"ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉ"ื—, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1948 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ.

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื—ื™ื™ ื. ืฉ. ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื‘)
  • ืžืฉืขื•ืœื™ื : ืคืจืงื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื–) <ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช: ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜> <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืž"ื ื‘ื™ื’ืœ, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ (ื™ื ื™ื‘)>
  • ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ : ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืชืฉ"ื” 1945)

ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•:

  • ืžื•ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื : ืขืœื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœืžื™ื‘ืœื™ื / ... (ื”ืื—ืจืื™ - ืฆ"ืง [=ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ]). (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจ"ืฅ ืœืขืจืš)
  • ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืœืคืกื— / ื”ืื—ืจืื™ - ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื)
  • ืฆื‘ืจ : ืœืคื•ืขืœื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฅ ... ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื˜ื™ืจื” / ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ืคื•ืก ืจ"ื— ื›ื”ืŸ, ืชืจืฆ"ื)
  • ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœื ื• ... : ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื•ืช / ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ื™. ืื‘ื™-ื™ื•ืจื [=ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ] ื•ื™. ืฉื•ื—ื˜ [=ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ]. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื. ื ื‘ื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื‘)
  • ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื : ืขืœื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™-ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื—ื’ ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ (ื“ืคื•ืก ืจ.ื—. ื”ื›ื”ืŸ) <ื”ืื—ืจืื™: ืฆ[ื‘ื™] ืง[ืจื•ืœ]>
  • ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ : ืขืœื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื / ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ืคื•ืก ืจ"ื— ื›ื”ืŸ, ืชืจืฆ"ื’)
  • ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื™ื˜ : ืขืœื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืžื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื’)
  • ืฆื‘ืจ : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ืœ"ืžื•ื—ืจื" / ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ", ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ื›ื•ืฉ" : ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืจืฆ"ื’)
  • ืฆื‘ืจ : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื— / ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืืฅ-ืงื•ืฆืฅ, 1934)
  • ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื” ... (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืฅ ืงื•ืฆืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื‘-ืชืฉ"ื‘)
  • ืขืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืืจืฅ, ืชืจืฆ"ื— 1937) <ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ืช> <ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืื—ืจืื™: ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจ' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ : ื‘ืžืœืืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืชืจืœ"ื“-ืชืจืฆ"ื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืจืฆ"ื“) <ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช: ืื•ืจ ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘. ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ>
  • ื”ืืžืช : ื”ืขืชื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ืœืคื™ ืฆืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื.ืฉ. ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ื ืกืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื—) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื”ืืžืช", ื•ื™ื ื” ืชืจืœ"ื– (1877)>
  • ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืื• ืžื ื•ื—ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืจืก"ื’ (1902), ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื—ืœื™ ืจืข ื‘ื™ืคื•, ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืช"ืฉ (1939), ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื (ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื), ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืกืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ืœื•ื” ืœื”ื ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื•ืžื™ื / ืกื•ื“ืจ, ื ืขืจืš ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ืœื™ื ืžืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืกืคืจ, ืช"ืฉ)
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ : ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื / ืงื•ื‘ืฆื• ื•ื ืขืจื›ื•, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ "ืื—ื“ื•ืช", ืช"ืฉ 1940)
  • ื”ืฉื ื™ื : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ ; ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืกืคืจ, ืช"ืฉ)
  • ื›ื“ ื”ืฉืžืŸ : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช "ืฉืžืŸ" / ืขื•ืจืš: ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืชืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ืืจืฆื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช "ืฉืžืŸ" ื‘ืข"ืž, ืชืฉ"ื”, 1945)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืฉืคืืŸ, ืฉืœืžื”.  ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ : ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื•, ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื•.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›"ื“ 1964), ืขืž' 164.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ