ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (1898โ€“1962)

Salomo Span

    ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ, ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืชืจื’ื, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืืจืžื•ืœื™ื ืฅ, ืคื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื” (ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”), ื‘ืืณ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจื ืดื—, 24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1898. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช-ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงืžื ืฅ-ืคื•ื“ื•ืœืกืง, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘-1918. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื ืฅ-ืคื•ื“ื•ืœืกืง ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืกืงืฆื™ื” ื‘-1921. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืฉื•ืจื˜ืงื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืœื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืœื•ื“ื–ืณ, ืฉื ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื™ื‘ื ื”. ื‘-1923 ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื”. ืž-1927, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืจื”, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื—ื•ื’ ืจืืฉื™ โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื—ื•ื’ ืžืฉื ื™ โ€“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”). ื‘-1932 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš. ื‘-1933 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ืขื ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืงื— ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืž-1958 ื›ืžืจืฆื” ืœืคืจื•ื–ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืื— ื‘ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืณื‘ืจืงืื™ืณ.
    ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืงืžื ืฅ-ืคื•ื“ื•ืœืกืง ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉืณ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื”ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ืื ืš, ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘ืจืงืื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
    ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืจื•ื– ื•ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ืขื ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช-ืกื™ืœืื‘ื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืฉืื‘ ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ืœืจืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื”, ื™ืœืดื’, ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืง ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•, ื”ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืฉื—ื•ืžืงืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉืคืืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” (ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืณืื ืšืณ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, 1951), ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ื• ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืื™ืช: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (1964) ื•ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (1964). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ (1954) ื•ืขืจืš ื›ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืืกื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื.
    ื ื“ื‘ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื™ (1935), ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ (1938) ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืจืžืก (1942) ืœื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก; ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื (1946); ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ (1948); ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื•ื“ื•ืก (1956); ืžืฉืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืคื•ืก (1960); ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (1962). ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื–ื›ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (1948, 1957).
    ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืณ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื›ืดื‘, 10 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1962.

 

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื˜ืœื ื” ื ื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” : ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคื•ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื ืš ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉื™ืดื)
  • ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื™ืดื“) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื’ื•ืฉืŸ-ื’ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื–ืื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ื”> <ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช>
  • ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“) <ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ; ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”) ืžืืช ื’ืณ ืืœืงื•ืฉื™>

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื™ / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื”)
  • ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื—)
  • ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืจืžืก / ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉืดื‘)
  • ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืดื•) <ืขืจืš ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืฉื” ืฉื•ื‘ื”>
  • ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื / ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืดื—)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื : ื”ื™ืžื ื•ื ื•ืช ; ืืคื™ื’ืจืžื•ืช ; ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื˜ืดื– 1956)
  • ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื : ืชื™ืื•ื’ื•ื ื” ; ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงืœื™ืก / ื”ืกื™ื•ื“ื•ืก ; ืชืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื˜ืดื– 1956)
  • ืžืฉืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืคื•ืก / ืชืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืกื” ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืดืš) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉืฅ>
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” / ืชืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉืดื”) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืงืจ>
  • ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช : ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื“) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืงืจ>
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื—) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื>
  • ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉ. ืฉืœื•ื : ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœื ืขืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื˜ืดื• 1954) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”-ืœื‘ืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืืœืงื•ืฉื™, ื’ื“ืœื™ื”.  ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ื–ืดืœ : ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 225โ€“255.
  • ื‘ื ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.  ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืดืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืื•ืกืด ื‘ื”ื›ืกืืžื˜ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1966), ืขืžืณ 145โ€“168 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช (ื ื—ืชื: 1957โ€“1958)>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ื–ืดืœ.  ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื’), ืขืžืณ 55โ€“57 <ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืืณ ืชืฉื›ืดื‘>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ.  ืžืืกืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื’ืณ / ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื - ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ ื–ืดืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1962), ืขืžืณ 497โ€“501 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื : ืžืกื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 161โ€“167>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืคืืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 7โ€“22 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื : ืžืกื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 147โ€“161>
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื“ื•ืกืด ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืณ ืฉืคืืŸ
  • ื‘ื”ื˜, ื™ืขืงื‘. ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™ืดื–, 5 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1956, ืขืžืณ 1, 2.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”ืด
  • ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืื”ืจืŸ. ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 25 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10, 14.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q12411788 J9U โ€“ 987007284200605171 NLI โ€“ 000553195 LC โ€“ n85015259 VIAF โ€“ 40795009
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 3 ื‘ืžืื™ 2021

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

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ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ