ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ (1887ึพ1956)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Nathan Goren

    ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืื˜) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืž"ื–, 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1887  ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–, ืคืœืš ืงื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื, ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ืืฉืจ, ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ'. ืœืžื“ ื‘"ื—ื“ืจ" ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื•ืฉื ื ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘-1903 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืชืจื•ืขืข ืขื ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืืฃ ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืœ"ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ". ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1906ึพ1908 ื ื—ื‘ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกื•ื”ืจ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘-1910 ื’ืœื” ืœืื•ื“ืกื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืžืืกืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื“ืจื•ื™ืื ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื ื“ืœื™ ื•ืืœ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘-1917 ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืขื" ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1919ึพ1921 ื—ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืฆ'ืค ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘-1921 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ื‘ื ื”, ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
    ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘-1909 ืื•ืœื ื‘-1911 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘"ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—". ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช. ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ''ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ'' (''ืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•'') ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื ื— ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื“. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ''ืชืจื‘ื•ืช'' ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ (1929) ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” (1935), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™''ืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ (1929).ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื‘-1935 ืืช ืชืืจื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ื•ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื˜ืœ (1910). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื“ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื, ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ.   ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืืกืคื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืžื“ ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘-1938 ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื—ืŸ, ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืกืคืจื• ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ื›ื ืก ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1948, ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ.
ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื˜"ื–, 26 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1956.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืงื•ื‘ื ื” : ืขื–ืจื”, ืชืจืค"ื˜)
  • ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ : ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข : ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ (ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข : ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, 1931)
  • ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืงืื•ื ืก : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื”, 1935)
  • ื‘ืชื™ื” ื—ืŸ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื˜ 1938)
  • ื‘ืฉืœื›ืช : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, 1940)
  • ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื›ื ืกืช, ืชืฉ"ื‘) <ืžื”ื“' ืฉื ื™ื”>
  • ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉ"ื“)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื” : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ' ื“ืจื™ืžืจ, ืชืฉ"ื–)
  • ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง : ื›ื ืก ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ' ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉ"ื˜)
  • ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• : ืฉื™ืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืฉืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ' ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื™"ื’ 1953)
  • ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง : ื›ื ืก ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื, 2014) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื‘ืชื™ื” ื—ืŸ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื, 2014) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืคืงืขื™ื : ืงื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” / ืกื“ืจ ืข"ื™ ื ' ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ ื•ืž"ื ื–'ืง (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื : ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืชืจืข"ื’ 1913)
  • ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ : ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง / ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื "ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืœื™ื‘, ื ' ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืื˜, ืจ' ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข : ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 1930)
  • ื“"ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื”ื : ื–"ืœ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืคืขืœื• : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืืช ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื• / ืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉ"ื‘)
  • ืขืœื™ื : ืฆืจื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— / ื”. ื™. ืคื•ืจื˜ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : โ€ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ ื”.ื™. ืคื•ืจื˜,โ€ , ืชืฉ"ื’)
  • ืขื ื•ืกืคืจ : ื‘ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืชืจืฆ"ื•-ืชืฉืœ"ื“) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜>
  • ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื / [ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช: ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ; ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช: ื. ื™ืขืจื™ ; ืžืคื•ืช: ื. ื•ื™ื ืจ ; ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื: ืฆ.ื”. ืฉื˜ืจื•ืง] (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉ"ืš-ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1960ึพ1984)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ืกืคืจ ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจืŸ ื–"ืœ / ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืชืฉื™"ื— 1958) <ืžื›ื™ืœ "ืžืคื–ื•ืจื™ ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•" ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ืžืืช ืžืฉื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™>
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
  • ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™, ืฆื‘ื™.  ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–"ืœ : 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื•.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื›"ื, 6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1961, ืขืž' 8.
  • ืžื™ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืืœื™ื”ื•.  ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜. ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืกื‘ื"  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ืคืจืงื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1977), ืขืž' 37ึพ43.
  • ืฉื–ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.  ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืื˜.  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืชืžื• (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืงื ืช) (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชืฉืœ"ื’ 1973), ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขืž' 178ึพ183 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืฉื™"ื—>
ืขืœ "ื‘ืชื™ื” ื—ืŸ"
ืขืœ "ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง"
  • ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™, ืง. ื. "ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืื˜).  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื” ื, ื’ืœ' ื“ (ื›' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉ"ื™, 13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืž' 8ึพ9.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ