ืง. ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (1903โ€“1995)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

K. Aharon Bertini

    ืงืดื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ื•ืœื™ืจื’ืื ื˜) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืกืดื’, 15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1903 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืฆืณื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื“ืื’ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื™-ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืœืฆื™. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืื’ ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ืก. ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื•ืงื™ ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘, ื•ื‘-1937 ื ืชืžื ื” ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘-1924 ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘-1939 ืคืจืกื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชืžื•ืœ ื“ื”ื”, ื”ืžืžื–ื’ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ ืขื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจืคืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื•ืงืขืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ืืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคืจืกื ื’ื ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘, ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขื ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”.
    ื‘-1939, ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื•ื’ืœื” ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ. ื‘-1946 ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ, ื”ืชืื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืžืื–ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืงื˜ื™ืฃ, ื•ืขืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื›ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช.
    ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืœื™ืœ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืงืจ (ืชืฉื™ืดื), ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจ (ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ (ืชืฉื›ืดื). ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฆื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืขืžื•ืช ืžื™ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืžืœื™ืฆื™-ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชืžืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื (ืชืฉื›ืดื˜). ืžืื– ื•ืื™ืœืš ื ื˜ืชื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ืขืžืงื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ืก, ื‘ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ืชื—ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ืชืฉืœืดื“), ื”ืžื›ื ืก ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืด ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืชืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื’ืจ, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื’ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืด ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืคืจืกื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื (ืชืฉืœืดื—), ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจ (ืชืฉืžืดื‘) ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ื“ (ืชืฉืžืดื”), ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ, ื‘ืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืขื ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื (ืชืฉืžืดื˜). ืง. ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืืณ ืชืฉื ืดื”, 20 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1995. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืืกื•ืคื” ืžืกื›ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• (ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื-ื‘) ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืขืจืš ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื”.
    ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื“ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” (ืชืฉืœืดื—), ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืžืฉืดื™ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืขื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœื˜ืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” (ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืœืœืก, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืฉื” ืืœื˜ืžืŸ). ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื’ื ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ (ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืณ ืœื™ื™ื•ื™ืง, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงื‘ืจ, ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืจ, ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“) ื•ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช (ืจืื‘ืœื”, ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ืจ, ืชื™ืื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืืก, ื ื˜ืœื™ ืกืืจื•ื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื‘-1977 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืคืช.
    ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื™ ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (1927โ€“2005).


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืง. ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’. ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื : ืžืงืจืื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืกืคืจ ื (ื‘ื•ืงืจืกื˜ : ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื•) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืณ ื–ืœื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื–ืณ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ>
  • ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ (ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ : ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ืชืจืฆืดื˜)
  • ืชืžื•ืœ ื“ื”ื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืด, ืชืจืฆืดื˜)
  • ืžืœื™ืœ ืขื“ ื‘ืงืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื™ืดื)
  • ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืกืจืื‘ื™ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื“)
  • ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1961)
  • ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1969)
  • ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื : ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™-ืฉื™ืจื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื“ 1974)
  • ืฉื“ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” : ืžืกื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977)
  • ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978)
  • ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982)
  • ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ื“ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1988)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003) <ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ / ืžืจื™ื ืฉืดืš (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื 1951)
  • ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื’ืจื’ื ื˜ื•ื ื•ืคื ื˜ื’ืจื•ืืœ / ืžืืช ืจื‘ืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, 1953) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืœืขื>
  • ื™ืจื— ืื“ื•ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืฉ. ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื™ืดื“) <ืดืชื™ืจื’ื ืžืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืง.ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ืด. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืดื–ื”ื‘ืด ื•ืดื’ื“ืœื•ืชืด ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื . ืžืœื™ืฅ [ื ื—ื•ื ืžืœืฆืŸ]>
  • ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืจืื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื / ืžืฉื” ืืœื˜ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™.ืœ. ืคืจืฅ, 1967)
  • ืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืจืœื™ืš (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1970)
  • ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืืจื™ื•ื / ื ืื˜ืืœื™ ืกืืจื•ื˜ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971) <ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ>
  • ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื’ืจื’ื ื˜ื•ื ื•ืคื ื˜ื’ืจื•ืืœ / ืจื‘ืœื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ื“ืŸ ื—ืกื›ืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื’)<ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช>
  • ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ / ืืœืŸ-ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ; ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืคืช, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1975)
  • ืขืœ ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืฉืจ : ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื / ื”. ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืง (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1977)
  • ืฉื‘ืช / ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ : ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช / ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978) <ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืคืœื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘-1946>
  • ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” : ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช / ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคืจ, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978)
  • ืžื•ื“ืจืื˜ื• ืงื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” / ืžืืจื’ืจื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืืก (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1978)
  • ืืงื•ื•ืืจื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืง : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงื‘ืจ ; ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืง.ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืžืืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1979) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ>
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืžืืจื™ื” ื‘ืื ื•ืฉ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดื 1980) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืŸ ื•ืžื ืคืจื“ ื•ื™ื ืงืœืจ>
  • ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื• : ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงื‘ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981)
  • ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืกื•ืก / ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981)
  • ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ / ืžืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ (ืื ื˜ืง) (ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืื•ืช : ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืื•ืช ; ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื‘)
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ืŸ-ื”ืขื“ืŸ / ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982)
  • ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืžืžื” : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืื™ืžื•ืช / ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983) <ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืชื™ืจื’ืžื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืง.ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื>
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984)
  • ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืคืื• : ืœืดื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœื“ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ืจืง, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืง : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงื‘ืจ ; ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืง.ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆื”ืดืœ-ืžืคืงื“ืช ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืืฉื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ-ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986)
  • ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœืš, ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืจื™ื ื” ืœื•ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986) <ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช>
  • ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ / ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื‘ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1986) <ืขื ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ื—ื ื ืฉืžืจื•ืง>
  • ื ืก ื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืฉืคืจื” ื•ืจื‘ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989)
  • ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืš : ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืก - ืึธืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ / ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืจื“ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989) <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื”>
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื / ืชื™ืื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989)
  • ืื‘ืœืจ ื•ื”ืœื•ืื™ื– : ืคื•ืื™ืžื” ื“ืจืžืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช / ื”. ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืง (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1990)
  • ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ : ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ... ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ... ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ... ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” 1941-1945 / ืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ืื™ืœื™ื” ืืจื ื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื 1991) <ืชื™ืจื’ืžื” ืžืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืืช ืคืจืงื™ ืœื™ื˜ื ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืงืดื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™>
  • ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขื™ื / ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื ืดื‘ 1992) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ื—ื ื ืฉืžืจื•ืง>
ืขืจื™ื›ื” (ืžื‘ื—ืจ):
  • ืฉื™ ืœืฉืœืžื” : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืœืœืก ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืกืจืื‘ื™ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื’) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงืดื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื•ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื˜ื•ืก>
  • ืœืงื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื™ืดื—) <ืดื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด>
  • ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืกืจืื‘ื™ื” : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื‘ื™ืกืจืื‘ื™ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜-ืชืฉื›ืดื’) 3 ื›ืจืณ <ื›ืจืณ ื’. ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’. ืงืจืกืœ>
  • ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืกืื“ืœืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ; ื—ื™ืคื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื”) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘.ื™. ืžื™ื›ืœื™>
  • ืคื ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ื‘ื” = ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื ืงืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”) ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1970)
  • ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจ : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคื™ื“ืื’ื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืงื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืดื—ื™ื ื•ืšืด, ืชืฉืœืดื) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืงื™>
  • ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกืืจืื‘ื™ื” / ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืืจืื‘ื™ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘.ื™. ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงื•ืจืŸ>
  • ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื•ืกืขืจ : ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1972) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื.ื‘. ื™ืคื” ื•ื“ื•ืจื” ืœื™ื˜ืžืŸ-ืœื™ื˜ืื ื™>
  • ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื : ืขืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• (ื™ืดื ืžืณ ืื‘ ืชืจืกืดื” โ€“ ื˜ืดื• ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœืดื“) (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื”) <ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— : ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื‘ืกืืจื‘ื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981) 2 ื›ืจืณ <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ื‘.ื™. ืžื™ื›ืœื™>
  • ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืืชื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืื™ืžื•ืช / ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ; ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ; ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ืง.ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืฉืคื™ื, 1984)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืขืœ ืดืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœืด
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืืด ืขืœ ืดืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ืืด
  • ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืขื ืช. ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืžืณ, ื’ืœืณ 1 (1974), ืขืžืณ 60โ€“63.
ืขืœ ืดืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืืด
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ืืด (ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003)
  • ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘. ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืง. ื. ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืขืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืกืดื”, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2004), ืขืžืณ 17โ€“21.
  • ืคืœืก, ื™ื•ืกื™.  ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจื•ื– ื”ืžืจ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืกืดื“, 27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2004, ืขืžืณ ื” 4.

ืขืœ ืดืฉื‘ืชืด ืžืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืดื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”ืด ืžืืช ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืœ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q4206184 J9U โ€“ 987007258671905171 NLI โ€“ 000019790 LC โ€“ n 84023659 VIAF โ€“ 97674422
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2022

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ