ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื™-ื’ืจื™ืŸ (1932ึพ1995)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Abraham Hagorni-Green

    ื“"ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ (ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื™) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืจืฆ"ื’, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1932, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืคื ื—ืก ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื ื• ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื•ืกืžืš ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”. ืžื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขืฉื” ื›ืืœื—ื•ื˜ืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื™ื’ื˜ื” "ืžื–ื ืง", ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœืื—ืจ "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ" (1956) ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืคืจืกื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘"ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื—ื•ื˜ืื™ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜, ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™ (ืžืคืœื’ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื•ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืžื™ ืืกืฃ (ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืืจืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš). ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” 'ืชืœืžื™ื' ื•'ืžืขื ื™ืช', ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื (ืœืžืื” ื”- 20) ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื ื—ื” ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื. ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžืคืงื— ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ (ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืœืžืื” ื”-20) ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืจื”-ื—ื•ื ืš (ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืจ) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื ืงืจื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืจืื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืขื‘ืจ, ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ืœืžืคืงื— ืžืจื›ื– ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื โ€“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื‘ืžืขืœื”", ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื•, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช. ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกืœื•, ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฆื• ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•. ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš-ืœืงืจืืช-ืฉืœื•ื ื ืงื˜ืขื• ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื•, 5 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1995 ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 63.

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืขื–ืจื ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ : ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื™ืจืชื• ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืคืฉืจื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1969)
  • ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื“ื•ื“ ืคื•ื’ืœ, ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ืจื•ืงื—, ืื™ืชืžืจ ื™ืขื•ื–-ืงืกื˜, ืื‘ื ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืกืจ ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืžืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1970)
  • ืžืœื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• : ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื—ืžื•"ืœ, ืชืฉืœ"ื• 1976) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” -- ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื>
  • ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื• 1985)
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987) <"ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื">
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1988)
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ-ืขื, ืชืฉ"ืŸ 1989)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื’ืœื’ืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชืฉ"ืŸ 1990)
  • ื”ืงืœืœื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1992) <ืจื•ืžืŸ>
  • ืžืฉื ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจ-ืขื, ืชืฉื "ื’ 1992)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืžืงื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจื•ืžืืŸ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1994)
  • ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ื : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื (ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ืจื›ืก, 1994)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืขื–ืจื ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ; ืœื™ืงื˜, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1984)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ