ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™ (1885ึพ1979)

Yehudit Harari

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืž"ื•, 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1885. ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื ืชื—ื ื›ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื” ื’ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืœื™ื ื” ื“ื”-ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ืขื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ (ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’) ื‘-1907 ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืคื• ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” 'ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”'. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช". ื‘-1913 ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืคืืจื™ืก ื•ื’'ื ื‘ื”. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืจืฆื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืจืชื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ("ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ"). ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœื’ื™ืžืœืื•ืช. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘"ื”ืขื•ืžืจ" (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉ. ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ื‘"ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ื, 13 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1940. ื‘ื ื, ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืจืจื™ (1908ึพ1978) ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื ื›ื“ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ (ืข"ืฉ ืกื‘ื•)  ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข (1988ึพ2001) ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื˜, 7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1979 ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื”.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ,  ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:

  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉ"ื–) 2 ื›ืจ' <ืจื•ืžืŸ>
  • ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื "ืš ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื™"ื˜)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉ"ื‘)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:

  • ื”ืจืจื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืคืจืงื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ืฉืจืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ : ืžืืกืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”, ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืจืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื / ืขืจืš ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื“ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉ"ืœ), ืขืž' 331ึพ375.
  • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”. ื”ืกื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขืž' 187ึพ195.
  • ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืชืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืคื” (ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื—). ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื’ืœ' 40 (ื›"ื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉ"ื—, 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948), ืขืž' 12 <ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™>
  • ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื–ืจื•ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืžื–ืžืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ : ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™. ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื’ืœ' ื‘-ื’ (ืชืฉื›"ื•), ืขืž' 48ึพ49.
  • ื™ื—ื™ืืœื™, ื™. ื™. ื”ืจืจื™. ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆ"ื•, 3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935, ืขืž' 3.
  • ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ื“ื•ื“. ื™. ื”ืจืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉ"ื‘, 6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1942, ืขืž' 3.
  • ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ื“ื•ื“. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™ืช.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื™ ื•ืขื™ืจื™ : ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™ ื–"ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื™"ื—), ืขืž' 321ึพ326.
  • ืฉื™ืœื”, ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช. ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ : ืื™ื˜ื” ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”. ืงืชื“ืจื”, ื—ื•ื‘' 118 (ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006), ืขืž' 41ึพ66.
ืขืœ "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื"
  • ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ. ืขื ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ื“ื‘ืจ, 5 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1947, ืขืž' 3.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื" ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1973, ืขืž' 23.
  • ื‘ืก, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›"ื (ืชืฉ"ื–-ืชืฉ"ื—), ืขืž' 191.
  • ื”ืœื•ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื" ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช, ืฉื ื” ื™"ื“, ื’ืœ' 1 (ื›"ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื—, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1948), ืขืž' 32ึพ33.
  • ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™, ื. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ืขืชื™ื, ืฉื ื” ื‘, ื’ืœ' 11 (ื”' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉ"ื—, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1947), ืขืž' 2.
  • ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืž. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ื”ื‘ืงืจ, 5 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1948, ืขืž' 5.
  • ืงืืจืœ, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื" ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช, ืฉื ื” ื™"ื“, ื’ืœ' 1 (ื›"ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื—, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1948), ืขืž' 33.
  • ืงืจื ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” [ื™.ืง.]. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ื”ืืจืฅ, 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1947, ืขืž' 2.
  • ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืฉ. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื".  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื” ื˜', ื›ืจืš ื™"ื– (ืชืฉ"ื—), ืขืž' 295.
  • ืฉื”-ืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื". ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™', ื’ืœ' ื”-ื• (ืฉื‘ื˜-ืื“ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ-ืžืืจืก 1948), ืขืž' 48ึพ49.
ืขืœ "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ"
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœ'ืœืžืจื—ื‘'), 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959, ืขืž' ื‘.
  • ืื•ื ื’ืจืคืœื“, ืžืฉื”. "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืจื™. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื™"ื˜, 14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1959, ืขืž' 5.
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืืžืฆื™ื”, ื. "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™' (ืชืฉ"ืš), ืขืž' 68.
  • ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื”. "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืคืจืงื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืš, ืขืž' 195.
  • ื™. ืฉ. "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช, ืฉื ื” ื›"ื”, ื’ืœ' 11 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืš, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959), ืขืž' 301.
  • ืคื•ื’ืจื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ. "ืืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1959, ืขืž' 5.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ