ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ (1884ึพ1949)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Jehuda Karni

     ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ (ื•ื•ึนืœื•ึนื‘ึถืœืกืงื™), ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืขื‘ืจื™, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ืกืง ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืœืœื™. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" ("ื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ", 1897), ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืจืื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื™ืจื• "ื™ืฉ ื ืขืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”" ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—"ื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ "ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—" (1909). ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืกื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ื•ืž-1907 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืฆื™ื•ื ึตื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขื•ืœื" ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื, ื•ื‘-1912 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื“ืกื” ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืชืจ ื“ืจื•ื™ืื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื•. ื‘-1921 ื ื—ืœืฅ ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืฉื ื‘ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืž-1924 ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื•ืคืจืกื ื‘ื• ืืœืคื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ื ืกื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืฉืขืจื™ื" (1923). ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืกื: "ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช" (1938), "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" (1944), "ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื“ืžืข" (1945). ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘-1992.
    ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืงืจื ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ึผึทื”ึทืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ), ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื ืกืคื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ื”, ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืชืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื•ื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืœืืช ื”ืจืชื™ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื”; ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข; ื•ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืชื• ืžื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ-ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืจืฆืคื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืจืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ "ืื ื™" ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ-ืฉืœื™ื—, ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคื ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื ื‘ื™ื-ื–ืขื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช, ืืคื•ื, ื‘ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืืžื ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื ื” ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™-ื”ื‘ืขื” ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื” ื•ืขื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืืงืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”'ืœื-ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ื•ืช' ื”ืŸ ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืกืคืจื• "ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื“. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื‘' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉ"ื˜, 3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1949, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ.
[ื›ืชื‘: ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ]
[Originally prepared for The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืฉืขืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืค"ื’ 1923)
  • ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช : ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื—ื™ืขื‘ืจ, ืชืจืฆ"ื”)
  • ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1944)
  • ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื“ืžืข (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ื”)
  • ื‘ื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” : ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™"ื 1951)
  • ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืœื™ืงื˜, ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ื’ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉื›"ื• 1966)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื - ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื "ื‘ 1992) 3 ื›ืจื›ื™ื
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื. ืชืจืก"ื–-ืชืจืค"ื. -- ื‘. ืชืจืค"ื‘-ืชืจืฆ"ื”. -- ื’. ืชืจืฆ"ื•-ืชืฉ"ื˜.
    "ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช, ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”", ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ: ื›ืจืš ื', ืข' ื™ื’-ืงื 
    .
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ืŸ / ืžืจืง ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืค"ื—)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ืื‘ืจืžืกืงื™, ืฉื•ืœื”. ืžืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื: ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™. ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' 14 (ืชืฉื "ื’), ืขืž' 110ึพ117.
  • ื‘ื›ืจืš, ื ืชืŸ. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' 17 (ืชืฉื "ื—), ืขืž' 58ึพ67 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™ "ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™" ื•ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ "ืฉื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจืฆื”">
  • ื‘ื ืืจื™, ื ื—ื•ื.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืจื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืข"ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉื™"ื“), ืขืž' 119ึพ121.
  • ื‘ืกื•ืง, ืžืฉื”. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื ื•ืคื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžืกื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›"ื” 1964), ืขืž' 59ึพ69 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืฉ"ื˜>
  • ื‘ืจื™ืคืžืŸ, ืืจืืœื”. 'ืงืžื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืฉ' ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™, 'ืœื‘ื™ ืขื ื˜ืœืœื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช' ืœืืกืชืจ ืจืื‘ (ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ื”). ื“ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 1 (ืชืฉืž"ื“ 1984), ืขืž' 183ึพ193.
  • ื‘ืจืงืื™, ืขื“ื”.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (1900ึพ1920)  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื• 1976), ืขืž' 232ึพ270.
  • ื–ื•ื›ืžืŸ, ืœืื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”: ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช. ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืงืจื™ืื”, ื—ื•ื‘' 25ึพ26 (1998), ืขืž' 143ึพ147 <ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™>
  • ื–ืš, ื ืชืŸ.  ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื›"ื–, 21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1967 <ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ "ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ"> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื™ื : ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช 1954ึพ1973 (ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืข"ื 2011), ืขืž' 268ึพ269>
  • ื˜ืจืกื™-ื’ื™ื, ืืกืชืจ.   "ืฉืงื™ืขื”".  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•ื˜ื : ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื˜), ืขืž' 194ึพ195.
  • ื™ืึธืคืข, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.   ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ : ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ (ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง : ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ืึธืคืข ื‘ื•ืš-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, 1939), ื–ื–. 245ึพ259 <ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ>
  • ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ-ืฉื–ืจ, ืจื—ืœ.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›"ื• 1966), ืขืž' 135ึพ138 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืฉ"ื˜ 1949>
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ื”. ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืž"ื˜, ื’ืœ' 5 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉ"ื, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1979), ืขืž' 251ึพ253 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉ"ื 1980), ืขืž' 68ึพ72>
  • ืžืื•ืจ, ืจื•ื ื™ืช.  ืื•ืœื™ ืื›ืคืจ ืคื ื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™.  ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื•' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื˜, 2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009, ืขืž' 14 <ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™, ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•>
  • ืžื™ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืืœื™ื”ื•.  ื“ืจื•ื™ืื ื•ื‘ ื•ืงืจื ื™. ืœื™ืฆืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื.   ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ืคืจืงื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1977), ืขืž' 64ึพ67.
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช, ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื "ื‘ 1992), ื›ืจืš ื', ืขืž' ื™"ื’-ืง"ื .
  • ืžื ื“ื”-ืœื•ื™, ืขื•ื“ื“.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื•ืช.  ืคื ื™ื: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื’ืœ' 45 (ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008), ืขืž' 40ึพ46 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ื : ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2011), ืขืž' 121ึพ134>
  • ืžืจ, ื‘ื ื™.  ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื’' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื˜, 24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2009, ืขืž' 1, 4. <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื“ืคืกื• ืขื“ ื›ื”>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉ"ื˜, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1949, ืขืž' 1 <ื ืงืจื•ืœื•ื’>.
  • ืงืจื™ื‘, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื’ืืœ : ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื—', ื’ืœ' 2 (ืž"ื’) (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืฆ"ื˜, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1938), ืขืž' 224ึพ227 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉ"ื™ 1950), ืขืž' 141ึพ147  <ืขืœ "ืฉืขืจื™ื" ื•ืขืœ "ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช">
  • Silberschlag, Eisig. The Neo-liturgical poets: Isaac Lamdan, Judah Karni, Joseph Zevi Rimmon, Jacob Rimmon. In his From renaissance to renaissance : Hebrew literature from 1492-1970 (New York : Ktav Publishing House, 1973-1977), vol. 2, pp. 47-55.
ืขืœ "ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช"
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™: ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• "ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช".  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจื—ื•ืง : ืคืจืงื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง : ืื•ื”ืœ, ืชืฉ"ื“ 1943), ืขืž' 159ึพ164.
  • ื”ืจื‘ืจื’, ืฉืœืžื”.  ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆ"ื•, 8 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935, ืขืž' 4
ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื“ืžืข"
ืขืœ "ื‘ื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

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