ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ (1880โ€“1957)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Rabbi Binyamin

    ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจื“ืœืจ-ืคืœื“ืžืŸ (ื•ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืชืœืžื™), ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘, ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืดื’ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจืดื, 23 ื‘ืžืื™ 1880 ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืจืณ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืึทื“ืœืจ ืžืจืื™ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืืžื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ืžืŸ, ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘. ืฉื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช (ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืณ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ. ื™ืกื“ ืขื ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ื ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ืดื”ืงืฉืชืด. ื‘-1906 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขื ื™ืดื— ื‘ืจื ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืดื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืด ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืชืจืกืดื– ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื ืจืช, ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื“ืดืจ ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืดืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืจืดื— ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืดืข ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ืจืณ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ื ืจ.  ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืดื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸืด (ืื– ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืดืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืชืด ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืดื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸืด ื‘ื™ืคื• (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืช-ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื•ืจื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื. ืž-1919 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืดื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืด ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืขืชื•ื ื™ื• ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•. ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ ืดื”ืฆื•ืคื”ืด ื•ืž-1926 ื•ืื™ืœืš ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืดื”ื”ื“ืด (ืœืชืขืžื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™). ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื‘ืดื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืด ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืžื™ืกื“ ื•ืขืกืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•: ืดื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืืด (ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘-1927, ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื˜ืื•ื ื” ืดืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•ืด, ืขื“ ืฉืคืจืฉ ืžืžื ื” ื‘-1931 ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช), ืดืงื“ืžื” ืžื–ืจื—ื”ืด ื•ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื™-ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืดืืœื•ืžื”ืด ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืดืงืกืžืืด (ืงืœื•ืจื™ืกืงื™, ืกื•ืœื“, ืžื’ื ืก, ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืดื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื•ืื—ืดื› ื‘ืดืžืขื‘ืจื•ืชืด, ืดื”ืชืงื•ืคื”ืด ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืจืกื ืžืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช (ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืดื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืด ืžื”ืืจืฅ) ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ืื”, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืจื›ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ ืื”ื“ืชื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื•ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•. ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขืจืš ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืจืš ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื™ืœืจ ื•ืกืคืจ ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-25 ืฉื ื”, ืืช ืดื”ื”ื“ืด, ืฉืžื’ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืืช ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืดืžืื–ื ื™ื™ืืด, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืดื”ืฆื•ืคื”ืด. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืดื ืจืด. ืชืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืจืฆืœ, ืดื›ืชื‘ื™-ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืœื“ืดืจ ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’ืด ืžืกืคืจื™ ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“.  ื ื•ื“ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจื“ืœืจ-ืคืœื“ืžืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™ืดื—, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1957.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” - ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸ : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื (ื•ื™ื ื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืจืคืดื’ 1922) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื’>
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืชืฉืดืš 1960) <ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ - ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ ; ืœื™ืงื˜ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ; ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช - ืžืื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื / ื“ืดืจ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’  (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœืฉื›ืช-ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืดื“, ืœืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืดื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชืด ื‘ืืดื™ ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ืดื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืด ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื, ืชืจืดืฅ 1930) <ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก ื–ืดืœ ื•ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸืด
ืขืœ ืดื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืืด ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก ื•ืจืณ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 12 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ