ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ (1953)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Ariel Hirschfeld

    ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกืื™, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื™ืดื’, 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1953 ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ื—ื ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™. ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ ื›ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ 2001. ืžึพ1980 ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืดืขืœืžืืด ื•ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืดื‘ืฆืœืืœืด. ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืดื”ืกืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืดื— ื‘ืจื ืจืด (1995), ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“.
    ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืด, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืดื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืด, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืดื”ืืจืฅืด. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืดื”ืืจืฅืด.
    ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืžืกื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืื™ืฉ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืดืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืืด (2000) ื•ืดืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชืด (2006), ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืดื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืด, ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืจ, ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื•.
    ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืดืึทื™ึผึตื” ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ืด ืžืืช ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืดืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”ืด ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก. ื”ื ื” ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื”ืืจืฅืด ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื—ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืดื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื; ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื”ื ื–ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืืœื ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื”, ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืื ืฉืช ืคืชืื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคื•ืื™ื ืฆื™ืื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืขื“ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืคืชืื•ืืด (ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื’ืณืงืจื ื“ื”ืด, 1.6.2007).
    ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ืคื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืจื•ืžื, ื›ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื”ื, ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฆื“ืฃ. ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื•: ืดืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืืฆื” [ื“ื™ ืกื ื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืืฆื™ื•]: ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืณืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืด (ืดืืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ืืด). ืื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื™ื™ื”: ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื, ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืจ, ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืกืชืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš, ืขื•ื“ ื–ื– ื”ืจื™ืจ ืœืื™ื˜ื• ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžื”ื’ืŸ, ืžืื—ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืกื“ืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจืฆืจ. ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ืด (ืดืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชืด).
    ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™, ื‘ืจื•ืงื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช; ืืš ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืฆืœื• ืœืœืžื“ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืจื’ืฉืช, ื”ืชืžื™ืžื”, ืžืžื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืดื”ื™ืคื”ืด, ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืชืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
    ื‘ึพ2011 ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืš, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื— ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืดืื“ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉืด ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™: ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืขืจืš, ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ ืฆื•ืจื ื™, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ืื• ื–ืณืื ืจื™: ืดืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื”ืด, ืดืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”ืด ื•ื›ื•ืณ. ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ, ืขื ืกื™ื’ืœ ื ืื•ืจ.
    ื‘ึพ2012 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืดื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ืชืด ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืœื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื™ ื“ื”ืืŸ, ื•ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืงื˜ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ืขืจืš.
    ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (2008). ืคื™ืจืกื ื’ื ืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืดืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื–ืžืŸ?ืด (2009).
    ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

 
ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
 

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืื•ืจืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช : ืขืœ ืฉื™ื— ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืกื—>
  • ื”ืกืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™.ื—. ื‘ืจื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1995) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” โ€“โ€“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1995>
  • ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดืก 2000)
  • ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” : ื”ืื–ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื›ืช ืœืฉืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ โ€“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืชื ืดืกื™ื, 2002)
  • ืืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื : ืขืœ ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืจื•ืžื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 2003)
  • ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ, 2006)
  • ืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื–ืžืŸ? (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009) <ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>
  • ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืš : ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ืช : ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ ; ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2012) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ ; ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื“ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉืขื ื™>
  • ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจื™ืžื• : ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดืฃ 2019) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
ืขืจื™ื›ื”: ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ื˜ืื•ื‘, ื’ื“ื™. ืดืœื”ื™ื’ืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืด โ€“ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“. ืžืงืจื•ื‘: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1997), ืขืžืณ  151โ€“155.
  • ืžืฉืขื ื™, ื“ืจื•ืจ.  ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืœื‘.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ  690 (ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืกืดื•, 17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2006), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“13.
ืขืœ ืดืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืืด
  • ืืœื™ืื•ืจ, ืจื—ืœ.  ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ื.  ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ื’ืœืณ 22 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003), ืขืžืณ 38โ€“41, 80.
  • ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืชืžื™. ืดืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืึพืฆื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืด. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 383 (ื›ืดื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000), ืขืžืณ 8.
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ. ื—ื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000, ืขืžืณ 26โ€“27 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, 2005), ืขืžืณ 236โ€“238>
  • ื›ืจืžื™, ื ืขืžื”. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000, ืขืžืณ 28.
  • ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก. ืžืื‘ื™ื—ื™ืœ ืขื“ ืคืจื“ืกึพื—ื ื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 245 (2000), ืขืžืณ 29โ€“30.
  • ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช. ืžืฉื ื” ืžืงื•ื. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ ืชืฉืดืก, 31 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2000, ืขืžืณ 78โ€“79, 81, 120 <ืจืื™ื•ืŸ>
ืขืœ ืดืืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื: ืขืœ ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืจื•ืžืืด
  • ืื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืœืžื”. ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืกืดื“, 6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2004, ืขืžืณ 25.
  • ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืืœื™.  ืžื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื™ื•ืคื™. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืกืดื“, 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004, ืขืžืณ 27โ€“28.
  • ืžืœืฆืจ, ื™ื•ืจื. ืจื•ืžื ืฉืœื•. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืกืดื“, 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2003, ืขืžืณ 24.
  • ืจื˜ื”ืื•ื–, ืืจื™ืืœ. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืขื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืกืดื“, 12 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2004, ืขืžืณ ื” 2.
ืขืœ ืดืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชืด ืขืœ ืดืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื–ืžืŸ?ืด ืขืœ ืดื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืšืด ืขืœ ืดืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸืด
ืขืœ ืดื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ืชืด
ืขืœ ืดืืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจืด
  • ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก. ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืขื“ืจืด โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืคืฉืจ. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 361 (ืกื™ื•ืŸโ€“ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืขืดื‘, ื™ื•ื ื™โ€“ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012), ืขืžืณ 32โ€“33.
ืขืœ ืดื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจื™ืžื•ืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL5965222A Wikidata โ€“ Q7038727 NLI โ€“ 987007301735505171 LC โ€“ nr94030642 VIAF โ€“ 32236488
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2026

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ