ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง (1933)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Shimon Sandbank

    ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืžืชืจื’ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืจืฆืดื’, 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1933. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง (1898โ€“1939), ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช. ืืฃึพืขืœึพืคื™ ืฉืฆืžื— ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชืด ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ื ื™ืกื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืจืžื”. ื‘ึพ1953, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื’ื (ื‘ืคืกื‘ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืฉ. ื‘ืจึพื—ื ื”) : ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืžืืช ื’ืจืฉื ืง. ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ. ื‘ึพ1954 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’ืณ ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ึพ1965 ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื“ ื“ืจื’ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ (1982). ื‘ึพ1996 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช.
    ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื ื—ืœืงืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื”. ื›ืžืชืจื’ื ืคืจืกื ืฉื•ืจืช ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”: ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืœืงื˜ ืžืฉื™ืจืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื (1973), ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื—: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (1985), ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืดืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืชืด (1986), ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”: ืœืงื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืขื ืจื—ืœื” ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, 2009). ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืงื ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™ ืžืืช ื’ืณืคืจื™ ืฆืณื•ืกืจ (1980), ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ (1992), ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืื™ื ื• (1999) ื•ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืคืื•ืก (2007) ืžืืช ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื”, ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืช ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืœื“ืจืœื™ืŸ (2003). ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืกื•ืจื’ึพืฉืคื”: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžืืช ืคืื•ืœ ืฆืœืืŸ (1994), ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (2000),  ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืœื“ืจืœื™ืŸ (2005), ื”ืœื‘, ืœื‘ ื”ืจื™ื ืœื• ืžืืช ื’ืณืจืจื“ ืžื ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก (2008). ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืคืงื: ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” (1967), ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง (1971), ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื• (1998). ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืชืจื’ื ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื•ึนื™ืฆืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื›ื ืจ (1978), ื˜ืจื•ืื™ืœื•ืก ื•ืงืจืกื™ื“ื” (1980) ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืจื™ืฆืณืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ (1988) ืฉืœ ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื˜: ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืฆืณื•ืืŸ (1977), ืืžื ืงื•ืจืื–ืณ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” (1982) ื•ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉ (1986). ืื—ืช ืžืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžืชืจื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืœืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืณื•ืกืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆืœืืŸ. ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืชืจื’ืึพืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ืชื•. ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ืชื™ืจืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืดื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉืš, ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ืคืฉืšืด, ื•ื›ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืดืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืด.
    ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื•ืก (1975), ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืคืงื ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื‘ืข, ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ื”. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ After Kafka: The Influence of Kafkaืณs Fiction   (1989). ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ (1976) ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจ (2001). ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื (ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืจื™ืœืงื”, ืคื•ื’ืœ ื•ื˜ืจืืงืœ, ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื–ืš, ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื•ืืœื–ื” ืœืกืงืจ ืฉื™ืœืจ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸึพื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื”ื•ืคืžื ืกื˜ืืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ ื•ืขื•ื“) ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืึพืจืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช, ืืš ื’ื ื›ื–ื™ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื. ืœืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (1990). ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืคืœืก ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื‘ืš ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“: ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ืฆืคื” (ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืื™ืžืื’ืณื™ื–ื), ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ (ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื) ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• (ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื). ืกืคืจื• ืžึทื–ึถืฉึดืื™ืจ (2002) ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื”, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ (1982) ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืžืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื‘ืข, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™, ื˜. ื›ืจืžื™, ืขื•ื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ื“ ืืœื“ืŸ, ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš.
    ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื ื™ืกื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืจืกื ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ (1979) ื•ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืงื” (1985). ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืœืึพืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืงื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชึพื ืคืœ ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื›ืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœื• ื›ืื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืืชื’ืจ. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ึพื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื ื™ืชึพืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืžื•ืืจ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื (2004). ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืื•ืคืงืช ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื ืคืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ืื™ืฉ ืคืœืžืดื— ืจื‘ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืื– ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืžืฅ ืœื• ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื• ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืฉืžืฅ ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืžืชืจื’ื, ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื›ืกื•ืคืจ.
    ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืก ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ) ืืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืชื ื•, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”: ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื; ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘; ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื (1975โ€“1974).
    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื: ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืคืช (1984) ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” (1996).


ืœื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

 

 

ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ืณืณืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืชืณืณ. ื—ื“ืจื™ื 9. 1990. 84โ€“82;
ืœื—ืžืŸ, ืœื™ืœืš. ืณืณืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจืณืณ. ื”ืืจืฅ ืกืคืจื™ื. 22.6.2005. 15;
ืงืจืคืœ, ื“ืœื™ื”. ืณืณื”ืืจืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ืืณืณ. ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืกืฃ. 1.10.2004. 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ : ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:
  • ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1978)
  • ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982) <ืดืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืืด>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืงื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืดืŸ 1990)
  • ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจ : ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, 2001)
  • ืžื–ืฉื™ืจ : ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืจื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 2002)
  • ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื : ืžืžื•ืืจ (ื‘ื ื™ึพื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, 2004)
  • ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2016)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื:

  • ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” / ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืืคืงื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื– 1967)
  • ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื— : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1985)
  • ืกื•ืจื’ึพืฉืคื” : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” / ืคืื•ืœ ืฆืœืืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื” 1994)
  • ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื• / ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืคืงื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1998)
  • ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืื™ื ื• / ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื” (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืชืฉื ืดื˜ 1999)
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืชืฉืดืก 2000)
  • ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื–ืืŸ / ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003) <ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงืœืจื” ืจื™ืœืงื”>
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืœื“ืจืœื™ืŸ ; ืชืจื’ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืฃึพื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005)
  • ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืคืื•ืก / ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2007)
  • ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” : ืœืงื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009) <ืœื™ืงื˜, ืชื™ืจื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ; ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืจื—ืœื” ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง>
  • ืฉื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื˜ื™ืช / ื™ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืชื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ : ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช, ืชืฉืขืดื‘ 2011)
  • ื“ื‘ืจ, ื—ืœื•ื, ืื“ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื“ืจืžื” ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” / ื”ื•ื’ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืžื ืกื˜ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืขืดื‘ 2012)
  • ืชืคื ื™ืชึพื ืฉื™ืžื” : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืคืื•ืœ ืฆืœืืŸ (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ; ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืชืฉืขืดื’ 2013)
  • ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ :  ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ืื™ืžื’ืณื–ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื” 2014)  <ืœื™ืงื˜, ืชื™ืจื’ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ; ืขื•ืจืš โ€“ ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ ; ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก โ€“ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆืงื™>
  • ืžืกืฃ ืืœ ืกืฃ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืขืดื• 2016) <ื‘ื—ืจ โ€“ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจืด ืขืœ ืดืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจืด
ืขืœ ืดื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸืด
  • ืœืฉื, ื’ื™ื•ืจื.  ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื ื–ื™ื”.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื ืดื•, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื’, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1983), ืขืžืณ 52โ€“53.
ืขืœ ืดืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืงื”ืด
  • ืกืœืข, ืื•ืจื™. ืžืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985, ืขืžืณ 4.
ืขืœ ืดืžื–ืฉื™ืจืด
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ, ืื•ืจื™. ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืจ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืืณ ืชืฉืกืดื’, 7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2003, ืขืžืณ 25.
ืขืœ ืดืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ืืด
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ, ืื•ืจื™. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืกืดื”, 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005, ืขืžืณ ื” 4.
  • ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก.  ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช (ื).  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77,  ืฉื ื” ื›ืดื˜, ื’ืœืณ 299 (ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืกืดื”, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005), ืขืžืณ 22โ€“23.
  • ืงื ื™ื•ืง, ื™ื•ืจื. ืขืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 610 (ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืกืดื”, 3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2004), ืขืžืณ 10, 14
ืขืœ ืดื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจืด
  • ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ืืœ.  ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ ืžืขื˜.  ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ืœืณ 1009 (ื˜ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืขืดื–, 9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2016), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“15 <ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ืขื ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื• ืœืื•ืจ> *
  • ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื ื ื•.  ื”ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 1237 (ื™ืดื– ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืขืดื–, 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2016), ืขืžืณ 9.

ืขืœ ืดื”ื˜ื™ืจื”ืด ืœืคืจื ืฅ ืงืคืงื
  • ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ื”. ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืจื”. ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื“โ€“ื˜ืดื• (ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ 368โ€“376 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1974), ืขืžืณ 68โ€“76 โ€“ ื ื—ืชื: ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1968>
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื. ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืื ืฅ ืงืืคืงื โ€“ ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื.  ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื–โ€“ื™ืดื— (ืชืฉืœืดื’โ€“ืชืฉืœืดื“), ืขืžืณ 138โ€“150.
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื. ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.  ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™โ€ื˜โ€“ื›โ€™ (ืชืฉืœืดื”), ืขืžืณ 125โ€“144.
  • ื‘ืจึพื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ.  ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, 1972 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช (ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2006), ืขืžืณ 329โ€“331>
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืืจืื“ื•ืงืก ืืฆืœ ืงืืคืงื” : ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ืžืกืณ 1 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1968), ืขืžืณ 11โ€“16.
ืขืœ ืดืกื•ืจื’ ืฉืคื”ืด ืœืคื•ืœ ืฆืœืืŸ
  • ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœึพื“ื™ืžื ื“, ืืจื™ืืœื”. ื”ืฉืœื’ ืžืชื›ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 187โ€“188 (ืื‘โ€“ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื ืดื”, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜โ€“ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1995), ืขืžืณ 18โ€“19.
ืขืœ ืดืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืื™ื ื•ืด ืœืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื”
  • ื“ืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ. ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 354 (ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดืก, 8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1999), ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ืœื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืœ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื–ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืกืดื, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2000, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 14.
ืขืœ ืดืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ืœืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืœื“ืจืœื™ืŸ
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืดื”ื• ืื‘ื, ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืื‘ื“ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ืด. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื”, 1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2005, ืขืžืณ ื” 2.
ืขืœ ืดื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืคืื•ืกืด ืœืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืจื™ืœืงื” ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”ืด ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืชืด ืžืืช ื™ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืชื”
ืขืœ ืดืชืคื ื™ืชึพื ืฉื™ืžื”ืด ืžืืช ืคืื•ืœ ืฆืœืืŸ ืขืœ ืดื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL952038A Wikidata โ€“ Q12411864 NLI โ€“ 987007306724905171 LC โ€“ n82253094 VIAF โ€“ 32040776
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024

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