ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ (1948โ€“2020)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Menahem Ben

    ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืดื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื˜, 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ. ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ืดืž. ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘-1966 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘-1967 ืคื™ืจืกื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื“ืจืช ื”ื’ืคืŸ (ืขืงื“). ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื• ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฆืžื” ืฆื ื•ืคื” (ื›ืœื™ืœ ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช, 1970) ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืœื—ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื (1971). ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืกื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžื•ืงื“, ืขื•ืจืš ืณืขื›ืฉื™ื•ืณ, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื). ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื’ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช-ืฆืœื™ืœ, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื“ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืœืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ (ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื”, 1980; ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, 1986), ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืกื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™-ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ื’ื ืืช ืคืœื•ื ื˜ืจ (1979), ืจื•ืžืŸ-ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื•. ื‘-1982 ืขืจืš ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืงืฆืจ-ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืดื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืด.
    ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืžื‘ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžืื– ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืจืกื ืžืื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช (ืณื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืณ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, 1988โ€“1992;  ืณืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืณ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 1993โ€“2000;  ืณื–ืžืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืณ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 2000 ื•ืื™ืœืš). ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (1989) ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื” (1994). ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขื“ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™, ืžื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืœืš: ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” (2006).
    ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืกืชืžื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืดืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืชืด, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืคื ืžืชื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื•ื— ืชื›ื ื™ื• ืืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืกืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืžืจืงืžื• ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืชืžื•ื ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืขืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉื™ืจื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืขื•ื ื’, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ืด ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจืด, ืืš ืžืฉื‘ื— ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸืด, ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืืจื™ืืœ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™, ืืชื™ ืื ืงืจื™ ื•ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื ืื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ืคืชื• ืืช ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืงืกืžื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ื”ืชื ืดืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืดืฉื™ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ืด. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืชื ืดืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืœื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืคืช? ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื (2008).
    ืคืจืกื (ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืŸ) ืืช ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช/ืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (2013). ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
    ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื• ื›ื ืจืช, ืคืจืกื ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช) ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื ืจืช ืฉืœื™ (2014). ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืดืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื”. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื-ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ืชื™ ื›ื™ืœื“ ื”ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืœ.ืก.ื“ (2015). ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžื•ื“ื— (2016), ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืกืข ืืœ ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (2018), ืคืจืกื ื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื.
    ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
    ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืฃ, 12 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2020.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื’ืจื ื•ืช,  ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื•ืืœื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืื“ืจืช ื”ื’ืคืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967)
  • ืฆืžื” ืฆื ื•ืคื” : ื›ืœื™ืœ-ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื’ื”, ืชืฉืดืœ 1970)
  • ื”ื™ื ืคืœื—ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971)
  • ืคืœื•ื ื˜ืจ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: : ืืจืœื™ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืขืชื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช, 1980)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืจืœื™ืช : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986)
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1988) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื”>
  • ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช : ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1989)
  • ื—ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืจื— : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื‘ 1992) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™>
  • ืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994) <ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ> <ืดืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืด ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1988 ืœ-1992ืด>
  • ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืžืจื•ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื“ 2004) <ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993; ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชื ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™>
  • ืžืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™, ืžื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืœืš : ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, 2006)
  • ืžื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืคืช? : ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2008)
  • ื”ื•ื™, ื›ื™ื ืจืช ืฉืœื ื• : ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืŸ>
  • ืžืกืข ืืœ ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืช (ื ื•ืคื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืชืฉืขืดื— 2018)
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ / ืช. ืก. ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ; ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืณืคื™ืŸ (ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื : ืžืกื“ื”, 1982) <ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ; ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“>
  • ืื™ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” : ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชืš ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ืžืžื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื•ืื™ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื›ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ / ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1979) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืŸ>
  • ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœ / ืžืืช ื’ืณื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืก ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ (ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื : ืžืกื“ื”, 1982) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืŸ>
ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื“ืคื•ืก:
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื / ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1993)
  • ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช : 182 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, 361 ืฉื™ืจื™ื, 13 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2013) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื’ืœืกื ืจ, ืืจื™ืง. ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ : ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 2011), ืขืžืณ 360โ€“379.
  • ืžื•ืงื“, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ื”ืืžื ื ื ื™ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ืฆื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืฉ? ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื—, 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1968, ืขืžืณ 25 <ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืœื“ืžืŸ, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ) ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ>
  • ืžื–ื•ืจ, ื™ืื™ืจ. ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ. ืืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ืœืณ 58 (1999), ืขืžืณ 33โ€“36 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ : ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2005), ืขืžืณ 203โ€“205>
  • ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืจืขื.  ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ.  ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื–, 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007, ืขืžืณ 24.
  • ืงื•ื‘ื•, ื”ื™ืœื”.  ืžื ื—ื, ืชืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ.  nrg ืžืขืจื™ื‘ <ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ>, 28 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2009 <ื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดื–ืžืŸ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ืด>
  • ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ.  ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ: ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื” / ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994), ืขืžืณ 409โ€“414.
  • ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ.  ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื“ื”ื“ื•.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ืœืจื™ื”, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืฃ, 15 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2020, ืขืžืณ 4 <ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ>
ืขืœ ืดืื“ืจืช ื”ื’ืคืŸืด
ืขืœ ืดืฆืžื” ืฆื ื•ืคื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื”ืด
  • ืื‘ื’ืจ, ืชื ื—ื•ื. ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื ืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1981), ืขืžืณ 143โ€“145.
  • ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅืณ, ื–ืœื™. ื’ืจื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš (ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื”ืด ืžืืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ). ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 45 (1981), ืขืžืณ 202โ€“205.
ืขืœ ืดืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืืด
  • ื ืฆืจ, ืจื•ืช. ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 30 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ 20.
ืขืœ ืดืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื”ืด
  • ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช.  ืื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ืฉืฆื•ืขืง: ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืดื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื ืดื“, 29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1994, ืขืžืณ 48โ€“49, 51 <ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื• ืดืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื”ืด>
ืขืœ ืดืžืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขื“ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™, ืžื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืœืšืด ืขืœ ืดืžื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืคืช?ืด
  • ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื–ืื‘. ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”.  ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื–ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื—, 8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008, ืขืžืณ 18โ€“19.
ืขืœ ืดืžืกืข ืืœ ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด

ืขืœ ืดืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸืด ืœืช. ืก. ืืœื™ื•ื˜
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q6816410 J9U โ€“ 987007304291605171 NLI โ€“ 000168332 LC โ€“ n89134242 VIAF โ€“ 6523389
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 12 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021

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