ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ (1895โ€“1953)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Menachem Ribalow

    ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื ื•ื‘, ืคืœืš ื•ื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจื ืดื”, 17 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1895. ื›ื™ืœื“ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจ, ื•ืฉื ื ืชื—ื ืš. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 13 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื“ื“ ืœื•ื•ืืจืฉื” ื•ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืดืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด. ื‘-1920 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืืจืฉื” ื•ื‘-1921 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืกืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขืชื•ืŸ 'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ'. ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช 'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ' ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ (ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืคืดื“, 1923) ื ืขืฉื” ืขื•ืจื›ื•, ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื‘'ื”ืฉืœื•ื—', 'ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”', 'ืฉื—ืจื™ืช'), ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ืคื™ืจืกื ืืœืคื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ' - ืืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืฉื: ืž. ืฉื•ืฉื ื™). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช 'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ' ืขืจืš ื’ื: ืดืงื•ืžืฅ ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸืด (ืชืจืคืดื‘), ืกืคืจื™-ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ 'ื”ื“ื•ืืจ' (ืชืจืคืดื– ื•ืชืฉื™ืดื‘), 'ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”', ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื-ื˜, ืชืจืฆืดื–-ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ (ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืจืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ 'ืžื‘ื•ืข', ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื-ืฉื•ืชืฃ (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™) ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช'. ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™ืดื“, 17 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1953.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

ืขืจื™ื›ื”: ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ืื•ื ื’ืจืคืœื“, ืžืฉื”.  ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ ื–ืดืœ.  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื’, ื’ืœ' ื’-ื“ (ื›ืกืœื•-ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื™ืดื“, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ-ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1953), ืขืž' 43.
  • ืื•ืจืœืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—. ื. ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ ื•ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื ื—ื ื–ื”ืจื™, ืืจื™ื” ื˜ืจื˜ืงื•ื‘ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจืžื™ืืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973), ืขืž' 276โ€“309.
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืž' 420โ€“427.
  • ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ : ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื’ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1935, ืขืž' 3 * <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ื™ื ืก ื–ืื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดืš 1960), ืขืž' 183โ€“184>
  • ืžืจื’ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ (ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก).  ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ - ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืื“ื.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 44, ื’ืœ' ืœืดื— (ื’' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื•, 29 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1965), ืขืž' 745โ€“746.
  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘. ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” : ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื-ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 57, ื’ืœ' ืœืดื— (ื›ืดื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœืดื—, 29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1978), ืขืž' 646โ€“647, 648.
  • ืงืจืกืœ, ื’. ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 32, ื’ืœ' ืœืดื˜ (ื™ืดื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื™ืดื“, 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1953), ืขืž' 822 <ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจืกืงื™: ืดืž. ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื ื•ืš, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืืด>
  • ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.  ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืž. ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959), ืขืž' 175โ€“178.
ืขืœ ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืชืด
  • ืื•ื‘ืกื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืช.  ืžืกื“ : ืžืืกืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ / ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดื—ื‘ืจื™ืืด ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดืžืฆืคื”ืด, ืชืจืฆืดื’), ืขืž' 230โ€“235.
ืขืœ ืดื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™-ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q7064579 J9U โ€“ 987007281736805171 NLI โ€“ 000516059 LC โ€“ no91006335 VIAF โ€“ 43860562

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020

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