ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (1875โ€“1948)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yaืณakov Rabinowitz

    ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืกื•ืคืจ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืžืชืจื’ื, ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ืกืง, ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” (ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก), ื‘ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืœืดื•, 10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1875. ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืกืง, ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ (1900) ื•ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ืขื“ 1904. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ืื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™-ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืจืคืืœ ืœื ื“ืื• Der jรผdische Arbeiter (ื•ื™ื ื” 1898โ€“1903). ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸ ื‘-1901 ื•ื‘ื”ืฆื•ืคื”. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-1905 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืกืขื• ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื•ื— (ื›ืจืš ื˜ืดื–). ืž-1907 ืขื“ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื‘-1910 ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ื“ืกืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื” ื—ื™ ืขื“ 1923 ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืขื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื (ืชืจืคืดื‘-ืชืจืดืฅ). ื”ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืื– ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื”ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช-ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงืฆืจื•ืช (ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืดืจืฃ-ืจืฃืด) ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ (ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืดืœื ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ืด). ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ (ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกืชื ืื™, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื•ื“).
    ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืฉืดื—, 4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1948.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish Leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจืกืดื” 1905) <ื ื“ืคืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืจืขืดื‘ 1911>
  • ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืžืœืš (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจืกืดื–) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>
  • ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉ (ื™ืคื• : ื“ืคื•ืก ื. ืืชื™ืŸ, ืชืจืขืดื“ 1914) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™>
  • ืื•ืจ ื•ืื“ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื‘ 1922)
  • ืกืชื• : ืฉื™ืจื™ื : ืชืจืกืดื—-ืชืจืคืดื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื•)
  • ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื—) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืดืœื ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ืด>
  • ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืขืžืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฆืคื”, 1929)
  • ื ื•ื” ืงื™ืฅ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื“)
  • ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื” 1935)
  • ื‘ืžื•ื˜ ืขืžื™ื : ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉืดื• 1946)
  • ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืจืฉื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ ; ืขืจืš, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1971) 2 ื›ืจืณ. <ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื: ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ>

ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ:

  • ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื / ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ (ืงืจืืงืึธ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืคื™ืฉืขืจ, 1904) <ืกืขืคืืจืื˜ ืึธืคื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ vโ€“vi (1904) ืดื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืด>
  • ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื’ืื ื“ื? / ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ื“ืคื•ืก ืคืณ ื’ืืจื‘ืขืจ, ืชืจืกืดื” 1904)
  • ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ื ืืš ืคืืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ / ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืกื : ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื, ืชืจืกืดื•)
  • ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืึธื“ืขืกืกื : ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืคื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืชืจืกืดื—)
  • ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืก : ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืคื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืชืจืกืดื˜)
  • ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืก : ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืคื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืชืจืขืดื‘)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื”ื“ื™ื : ืงื‘ืฅ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ / ืขืจื•ืš ืขืดื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื‘-ืชืจืดืฅ)
  • ืกืคืจ-ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ / ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืจ. ืืœืงืœืขื™ ื•ื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืดื ืžืจื•ื“ืด, ืชืฉืดื’) <ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื” ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ืคืจืก ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ ืกืคืจื• ืดืฉืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืด>

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืงื• ืื•ืจ-ื ืฆื— : ืกืคื•ืจ / ืžืืช ืคื˜ืจ ืจื•ื–ื’ืจ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืชื•ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจืกืดื–)
  • ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง : (ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘) / ืžืืช ืฉ. ืื -ืกืงื™ (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ืกืคืจื™, ืชืจืขืดื–)
  • ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื / ืกืœืžื” ืœื’ืจืœื™ืฃ (ื™ืคื• : ืกืคืจื™ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืชืจืคืดื-ืชืจืคืดื—) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื™ืดื–. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ืงืœ ื‘ืชืฉื›ืดื˜ (1968) ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืชืฉื ืดื˜ (1999)>
  • ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ : ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ / ืžืืช ืžืจื–ืณืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืคืดื–)
  • ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ืจืš : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ื”ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื ื’ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื—) <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ืจืš <ืจื•ืžืŸ> - ืขืœ ื”ืืฉืจ <ืกืคื•ืจ> - ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช <ืกืคื•ืจ>
  • ืฉืœืฉื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืคืœื•ื‘ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืคืดื—) <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ืœื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ - ืื’ื“ืช ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ โ€“ ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื”> <ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืดืื’ื“ืช ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื•ืกืด ื•ืดืœื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ืด ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื›ืดื– <1967> ื•ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื’ <1982>>
  • ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ : ื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื / ืžืืช ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืœืฃ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืคืดื˜) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืœืดื’>
  • ื ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ : ืกื’ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื” <ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”> / ืื•ืœื™ ืื“ื•ืจื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื’ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื’)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื‘ืŸ-ืžื ื—ื, ืžืฉื”.  ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• : ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ : ืžืกื•ืช, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื‘ืงืจืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜ 1969), ืขืžืณ 182โ€“187.
  • ื‘ื ืืจื™, ื ื—ื•ื.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขืจื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืดื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 197โ€“199.
  • ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ืก, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช 30 ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื•.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 1 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื—, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1978), ืขืžืณ 59โ€“60.
  • ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืดืœ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ื™ื ืก ื–ืื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดืš 1960), ืขืžืณ 177โ€“179 <ื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกืด, 9 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948>
  • ื—ื ื ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื: ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ - ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื‘ืณ (ืชืฉื›ืดื’), ืขืžืณ 238โ€“243.
  • ื—ื ื ื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื—ืณ (ืชืฉืœืดื 1971), ืขืžืณ 137โ€“152.
  • ื˜ืœืคื™ืจ, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืดืœ.  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™, ื’ืœืณ ื’-ื“ (ื›ืกืœื•-ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื—, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1947-ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1948), ืขืžืณ 48โ€“50.
  • ืœื ื“ืจ, ืคื ื—ืก.  ื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ - 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื•.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10.
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ, ื›ืจืš ื (ืชืฉื™ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 146โ€“150 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ืจ : ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1970), ืขืžืณ 199โ€“202>
  • ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื ื™.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืดืœ โ€“ ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, 24 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1954, ืขืžืณ 9.
  • ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื•, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื : ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ื: ืขื ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื™ : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1975), ืขืžืณ 108โ€“110.
  • ืงืžื—ื™, ื“ื‘.  ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช.  ื“ืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื•, 16 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1936, ืขืžืณ 2  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืจืฆืดื—), ืขืžืณ 90โ€“92>
  • ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืดืœ : ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื•), ืขืžืณ 194โ€“197 <ื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸืด, ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดื˜>
ืขืœ ืดื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืขืžืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจืด
  • ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช. ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืดื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืขืžืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจืด ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 9โ€“10 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื–, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1976), ืขืžืณ 47โ€“91 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978), ืขืžืณ 20โ€“49>
ืขืœ ืดื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืด ืœืกืœืžื” ืœื’ืจืœืฃ
  • ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ.  ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืžื” ืœื’ืจืœืฃ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื—ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื, 23 ื‘ืžืื™ 1980, ืขืžืณ 21 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช (ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2006), ืขืžืณ 332โ€“334>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q12408212 J9U โ€“ 987007266825705171 NLI โ€“ 000108953 LC โ€“ no94026766 VIAF โ€“ 6970072
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021

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