ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ (1900*ึพ1989)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yaacov Har-Even

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ืืžื• ื”ื ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืคืจืžืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื‘ื™ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ื›"ื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืก"ื, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1900*. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1914, ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื“-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืคืกื— ืชืจ"ืค ืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1920 ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืคืจืื’ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื "ืขื‘ืจื™ื”" ืฉืฉืžื” ืœื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื—ื–ืจ ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1933 ื•ืžืื– ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช). ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื", ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ืžื ืกื™ื”, ื ืชืคืจืกื ื‘"ื”ืคื•ืขืœ-ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื˜ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืžื” ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื ืจ. ืคื™ืจืกื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘"ื”ืื“ืžื”", ื‘"ื”ืขื•ืœื", ื‘"ื”ื“-ืœื™ื˜ื", ื‘"ืžืื–ื ื™ื" (ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ) ื•ื‘"ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช". ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื•ื ืกื• ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื. ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ืชืจื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืืช ื‘ืืœื–ืืง. ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืข"ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืฅ ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื—ื ื” ื‘ืช ืงื”ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžื ืคืœื“ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืฉืื ื™ (ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”) ื•ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช: ื–ื™ื•ื” ื•ื™ื•ืกืคื”.  ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืž"ื˜, 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1989 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง.
* - ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืงืจืกืœ; ืขืค"ื™ ืชื“ื”ืจ - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจ"ืก, 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1899.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกืœื”, ืชืฉ"ื) <"ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘"ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช" ื•ื‘"ืžืื–ื ื™ื" ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™>
  • ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 1954)
  • ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื›ื‘ืฉ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž' ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื˜) <ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื>
  • ืจืžื–ื™ ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืช (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1969) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื•ื—ืžืช / ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืžืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื’)
  • ื”ื›ืฉืฃ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ / ื™"ื“ ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืžืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื•)
  • ื”ื ืงืžื” / ืื•ื ื•ืจื™ ื“ื™-ื‘ืืœื–ืืง - ื”ื ืงืžื” ืชื™ืจื’ื ื–' ื”ืœืžืŸ, ืคื™ื™ืจื˜ื” ืชื™ืจื’ื ื™' ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื•)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•: ืขืœ "ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช"
  • ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ื’ืœื™ื”.  "ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช" ืœื™. ื”ืจ-ืื‘ืŸ.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœ'ืœืžืจื—ื‘'), ื’ืœ' 28 (92) (ื•' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื˜"ื•, 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1954), ืขืž'  3.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ