ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื ื™ (1908โ€“1988)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Joseph Hanani

    ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื ื™ (ื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื, ื‘ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืกืดื˜, 13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1908 ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืžื ื—ื ื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืืžื• ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื“ืฉ. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื”. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ึพ1925 ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืคืชื—ึพืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื. ื‘ึพ1937 ื™ืฆื ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ึพ1959 ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ึพื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื—ื ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”, ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืชึพืกืคืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืคืงื— ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ึพื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ึพื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื—ื ื ื™ ืคื™ืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพืขืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅึพืœืืจืฅ. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื ื ื™. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1988.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืื•ืคืงยณ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืชื“ื”ืจ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•: (ืžื‘ื—ืจ)

  • ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื 1930)
  • ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ืžืขืœื”, ืชืจืฆืดื– 1937)
  • ืฉืœืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆ. ืœื™ื ืžืŸ, ืชืดืฉ)
  • ืขืช ื›ื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืชืฉืดื’)
  • ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื“ืก : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื™ืดื 1951)
  • ืžื–ืœ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘ 1952)
  • ืžืขืจืช ื”ืคืœืื™ื : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื— 1958)
  • ืขื ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื (ืคืชื—ึพืชืงื•ื” : ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืฉื™ืดื— 1958)
  • ื”ืžื—ืœืœ ืžืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ื : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” : ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1959)
  • ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืคืชื—ึพืชืงื•ื” : ืžืจื›ื–, ืชืฉืดืš) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ>
  • ื›ื“ ื”ื—ืจืก : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื•) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืœื•ื ื” ืคืจื ืงืœ>
  • ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื—ื ื” ืื“ื•ืœืคื™>
  • ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967)
  • ืฉื ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืดืœ) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื—ื ื” ืื“ื•ืœืคื™>
  • ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973) <ืจื•ืžืŸ>
  • ืกื ื“ืœ ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืจื™ื” ื’ืœื–ืจ>
  • ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979)
  • ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1979) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื’ืจื•ืกื•>
  • ืกืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืดื 1980)
  • ื”ืจืืฉ ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ื : ืกืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981)
  • ืื“ื ื•ืฆืœื• : ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
  • ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ([ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘] : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1986)<ืื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื’ืจื•ืกื•>
  • ืฉื—ื–ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจื• (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989) <ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืกืืง>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉื ืดื‘ 1992)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื™ืจ ืชื–ืขืง : ืขืœ ืฉื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ื ื•ืš, ืชืฉืดื”) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื‘. ืžืจื“ื›ื™>
  • ื—ื“ื•ื” ืจืฉื™ืฉ : ืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ื” : ืชืžื•ืดื– ืชืจืขืดื‘ โ€“ ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืดืœ 1912โ€“1970 (ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช : ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื‘) <ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื“ืจื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™>
  • ืกืคื™ ืื”ืœื™ : ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืœื• (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, 1974) <ืดื ื•ืœื“ ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืคืดื˜, ื ืคืœ ื™ืดื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดื—ืด>
  • ืงื˜ื™ืฃ : ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” : ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื“โ€“ <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืงืดื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ ื•ื™ืดืฆ ืฉืจื’ืœ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื‘ื•ืกืืง, ืžืื™ืจ.  ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื ื™.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื‘ืณ (ืชืฉื›ืดื’), ืขืžืณ 230โ€“232.
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ : ืงืฆืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉืดื‘), ืขืžืณ 105โ€“127.
  • ืžืื™ืจื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ  ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื ื™.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื’ืณ (ืชืฉื›ืดื”), ืขืžืณ 232โ€“236.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืืด
ืขืœ ืดื”ืžื—ืœืœ ืžืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ืืด
ืขืœ ืดืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL170617A Wikidata โ€“ Q6985941 NLI โ€“ 987007299473205171 LC โ€“ n85266464 VIAF โ€“ 35903813
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ