ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื (1901โ€“1980)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yocheved Bat Miriam

    ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื (ื–ืœื–ื™ื ื™ืืง) ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงืคืœื™ืฅืณ, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืกืดื, 3 ื‘ืžืื™ 1901. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืžืจื™ื ืื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช. ืœืžื“ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืืงื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ืกื” ื•ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘-1922, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืดื”ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืืด ื•ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืดืืจืฅืด ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1932 ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจืŸ ื–ื ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
    ื‘-1926 ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœืคืจื™ื– ื•ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘-1937, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘-1942 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืง, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื’ื ืกืคืจื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘-1946 ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื˜ื• ื•ื‘-1963 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื”, ื”ืืกื•ืคื” ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืจื—ื•ืง. ื‘-1925 ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื” ืžืจื™ืืกื” ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื”ึผ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืดื”ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืืด, ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘-1937 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘-1928, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื” ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื– ื‘ืŸ, ื ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื– (ื–ื•ื–ื™ืง). ื–ื•ื–ื™ืง ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ.
    ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžืจื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข. ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืจื—ื•ืง) ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืจื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœื’ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืง, 1942) ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืจืข.
    ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ (1991), ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืจื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื (1977) ืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื•ื ื–ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืดืคึผึธื ึทื™ ืœึดืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ื ึดื’ึฐื–ึธืจื•ึผ/ ืžึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ืช/ ืžื•ึผืœ ืžึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ืชืด.
    ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืจื™ืช, ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืดืžื“ืจื›ื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”ืด, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื˜ื•, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดื‘ืกื•ื’ืจืด ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืก-ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื˜ื•. ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืœื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืดืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืชืด ืฉืœื”. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืกื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (1963) ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืดืฉืขื” ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ื–ืืช ื ืืœืžื•ืช ืœืจื’ืข ื“ื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ืžืจื• ืืจืฅ ื–ื•ืด.
    ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ื•ืจื—ืœ, ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืดืืช ืื™ื ืšืด ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื”. ื‘-1971, ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื” ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคืจืช, ืชืจืฆื” ืืชืจ, ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™, ืืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื‘ืข, ื˜ืณ ื›ืจืžื™ ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœ. ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืดืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ืืด (1986).
    ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืขื“ ื›ื” ืจืง ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืœืฉื™ืจืชื” (ืจื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, 1977). ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืžื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืช, ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช (1991), ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืฉื ืช 1964 ื•ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœืดื‘, 1972.
    ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืดื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื ื ื” ืงื™ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืจื“ ืงืจืชื™ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืชื“ื”ืจ, ืงืจืกืœ, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” Jewish Womenืณs Archive Encyclopedia, Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื–ื™ื] 

ืกืคืจื™ื”:
  • ืžืจื—ื•ืง (ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจืŸ ื–ื ื’ื•ื™ืœ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1932) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“>
  • ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื—ื“ื•ืช, 1937) <ืฉื‘ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, 1942)
  • ืจืื™ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ืจ, 1940)
  • ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, 1941)
  • ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1942)
  • 1943 : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื• (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1946)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื : ืืกื•ืคื” (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1963) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1972>
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืžืฉ :ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1975)
  • ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช : ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014) <ืขื•ืจื›ืช - ืจื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืขื•ืจืš ืžืฉื ื” - ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆืงื™> <ื›ื•ืœืœ - ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื ืดื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื ืจืื” ื”ืœื-ื ืจืื”ืด, ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:

ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื
  • ืื•ื›ืžื ื™, ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื ืขืœื™.  ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 1 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื“, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1974), ืขืžืณ 57โ€“70 <ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืขื–ืจื ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื>
  • ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ื“ื ื”.  ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืคื” ืขื™ืงืฉืช : ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2012), ืขืžืณ 145โ€“198.
  • ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื ืชืŸ.  ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืจืชื ื• : ืขื ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืณ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 25 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1963, ืขืžืณ 5 (ื‘ืณืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืชืณ) <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืณื‘ืžืขื’ืœืณ (ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•), ืขืžืณ 82โ€“86>
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ื•ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืœืœ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, 11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1979, ืขืžืณ 19 <ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: ืดืฉื™ืจื™ืืด>
  • ื’ื•ืจื™, ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” : ืฉื ื” ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื, 2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1981, ืขืžืณ 20.
  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”. [ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ืดืœืš ืฉืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื”ืด]. ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืขื ืฉื™ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1967), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“17.
  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืณ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืืœ ืžืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1975), ืขืžืณ 17โ€“21 <ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืดืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด ื•ืดื—ื•ื”ืด>
  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดื, 8 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื. ื”ืดืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืงื” ืžืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ืด. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ื’ืคืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ.  ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื™ืดื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1971, ืขืžืณ 33 <ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื>
  • ื’ืคืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ.  ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 17.
  • ื“ื•ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 33.
  • ื—ื‘ืจ, ื—ื ืŸ.  ืดืžืฉืชืคืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืด : ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืงื•ืจื ืฉื™ืจื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005), ืขืžืณ 86โ€“103.
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื™, ื‘ืช-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.  ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืกื•ื’ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื” ื—ื™ื” : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืกืžื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืดืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2013), ืขืžืณ 141โ€“156.
  • ืœื™ืฃ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืœื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ: ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 5โ€“6 (336โ€“337) (ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดื, ืžืืจืก-ืืคืจื™ืœ 1980), ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ืžื™ื™ื–ื™ืœ, ื’ื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ืžืžื” ื•ืืœื. ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉื, ื›ืดื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดื, 8 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 18 <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ>
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™. ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ืฉื ื” ื–, ื’ืœืณ 32 (ื›ืดื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื™ืดื–, 26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1957), ืขืžืณ ื‘.
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ื›ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ : ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื˜ื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื–-ื— (ืงืคื–-ืงืคื—) (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ-ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™ืดื˜, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ-ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1958), ืขืžืณ 14โ€“17.
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืดื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื›ืดื’, 22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1963, ืขืžืณ 10, 15 (ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ืณืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชืณ)
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจืช. ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 2 (ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980 ืชืฉืดื), ืขืžืณ 7โ€“12 <ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ื ื“ืคืก ื’ื ื‘ืณื”ื“ื•ืืจืณ, ืฉื ื” 59, ื’ืœืณ ื˜ื• (ื”ืณ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดื, 22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980), ืขืžืณ 233โ€“236; ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ึธืขึดื•ึถืจึถืช : ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, 1980โ€“2005 (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2005), ืขืžืณ 87โ€“101; ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืžื”ื•ืช ืžื™ึทืกื“ื•ืช, ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช : ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1991), ืขืžืณ 272โ€“283 ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2004), ืขืžืณ 424โ€“435 ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืคื™ืื™ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืืคื™ืง - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช : ืขื™ืœืžื•ืจ, ืชืฉืขืดื– 2017), ืขืžืณ 9โ€“28> <ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืขื’ื•ืžื”ืด - ืœื”ืœืŸ>
  • ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืฉืจื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืžื”ื•ึผืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื: ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืืžื”ื•ึผืช : ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ / ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ื” ืคืจื•ื ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009), ืขืžืณ 165โ€“194 <ืจืื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ืดื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ึผืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ืืด, ืขืžืณ 173โ€“177>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืก: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ื’ืœืณ 27 (ื˜ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื›ืดื—, 5 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1968), ืขืžืณ ื‘ <ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœืชื” ืืช ืคืจืก ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’;  ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื : ืžืกื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 43โ€“45, ื‘ืฉื: ื’ืื•ืœืช ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ื>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘.  ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจ: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืณ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืœืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœืดื, ืžืื™ 1971), ืขืžืณ 423โ€“425  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื : ืžืกื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืงืจ, ื›ืจืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 45โ€“50, ื‘ืฉื: ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”>
  • ืคื•ืจืช, ืืœื™ืฉืข.  ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืžืจืื”: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืกืชื™ื• ืชืฉืกืดื— 2007), ืขืžืณ  40โ€“44 <ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ: ืดื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืคื ื™ืšืด ื•ืดื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืคื ื™ืšืด> <ื ื“ืคืก ื’ื ื‘ืณืฉื‘ื•: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืฉื™ืจื”ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 18 (ืชื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉืกืดื—), ืขืžืณ 25โ€“29. ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉืกืดื— 2008), ืขืžืณ 36โ€“44>
  • ืคื•ืจืช, ืืœื™ืฉืข.  ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื.  ืฉื‘ื•: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ 21 (ืขืจื”ืดืฉ ืชืฉืดืข 2009), ืขืžืณ 25โ€“26.
  • ืคืœื“ืžืŸ, ื–ื™ื•ื”. ืžืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืฆื•ืขืงื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืจืื”: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ ืžืกืณ 3 (ืกืชื™ื• ืชืฉืกืดื— 2008), ืขืžืณ 5โ€“14..
  • ืงื“ืžื™, ืื™ืœื ื”. ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” : ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 22.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืชื•ื—ืœืชืณ : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืœืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1971), ืขืžืณ 30โ€“41.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืืจื™-ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973), ืขืžืณ 205โ€“223.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืืœ ื”ืžืกืชืชืจ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื“ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื—, 16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1977, ืขืžืณ 34.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง - ืžืจื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื,  18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 21.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืœ ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 35, 38.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืดืขืœ ืžืงืœ ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจืด : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืกื“ืŸ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš 2 (ืชืฉื ืดื– 1996), ืขืžืณ 145โ€“151.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืืžื™, ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืดืจ ืžืจื™ื™ืกื” ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ.   ืกื“ืŸ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš 2 (ืชืฉื ืดื– 1996), ืขืžืณ 153โ€“163.
  • ืงืจื™ื‘, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื™. ื‘ืชโ€“ืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดื™ 1950), ืขืžืณ 180โ€“189 <ื ื—ืชื: ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื>
  • ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”.  ืดืฉืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ื ื—ื•ื ื–ืœื–ื ื™ืง. ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืชืด : ืžืกืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืขืดื“, 17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ  <ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืดืื—ื“ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื–ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืด>
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”.  ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžื•ืœื“ (ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”),  ื›ืจืš ื“ืณ (ื›ืดื–), ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 21 (231) (ืื‘-ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœืดื, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜-ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1971), ืขืžืณ 276โ€“293.       
  • ืฉื•ืขืœื™, ืฆืคื™.  ืดื”ืจื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืžื•ืฅ ืจื‘ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืด. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืขืดื“, 17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ  <ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืžื•ืดืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื”>
  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”.  ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื, 11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 33.
  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”.  ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืขื’ื•ืžื”.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื, 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1980, ืขืžืณ 37 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืดื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจืชืด - ืœืขื™ืœ>
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 9 (ืื‘ ืชืฉื ืดื’, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1993), ืขืžืณ 3โ€“6 <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ืณื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸืณ>
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืดื’ื—ื ื” ืื”ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื ื ืชืด : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืดืื‘ืืด ืžืืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื <ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืงืด>.  ืขืœื™-ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 40 (ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉื ืดื— 1998), ืขืžืณ  74โ€“79.
  • ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืดืืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช, ื–ืืช ื–ืืช, ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”ืด. ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉื, ื›ืดื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดื, 8 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980, ืขืžืณ 18 <ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื>
  • Zierler, Wendy. Chariot(ess) of Fire : Yokheved Bat-Miriamืณs female personifications of Erets Israel.  Prooftexts, vol. 20, nos. 1-2 (Winter/Spring 2000), pp. 111-138.
ืขืœ ืด1943ืด
  • ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืดื‘ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืชืด : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืด1943, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื˜ื•ืด.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืืœ ืžืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1975), ืขืžืณ 22โ€“29.
  • Hever, Hannan. Poems to the Ghetto : the poetry of Yocheved Bat-Miriam in the 1940s. In: Jewish women in pre-state Israel ; life history, politics, and culture / edited by Ruth Kark, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem (Waltham, Massachusetts : Brandeis University Press, 2008), pages 268-276, 395-396.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ืืด (1963)
ืขืœ ืดืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืด
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ืืชื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืžื’ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืขืดื“, 8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014, ืขืžืณ
  • ืœื—ืžืŸ, ืœื™ืœืš.  ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืœื•ืœ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ  (ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืขืดื“, 8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014), ืขืžืณ 16, 17.
  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ. ืกื“ืจืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจื” ืดืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืด
    ื. ืœื ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืœื™ ื”ื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืขืดื”, 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ 2 <ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืชื—ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”>
    ื‘. ืœืžื˜ื”, ืœืืจืฅ, ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืช.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืขืดื”, 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ 4  <ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื”ืดืž ื ื™ืกืชื” ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื”...>
    ื’. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืขืดื”, 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ 4  <ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื: ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืดืืชื”ืด ืœืดืึทืชืด>
    ื“. ื”ืจ, ื’ื‘ืขื”, ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื—ื•ืœ ืžืกืชื’ืคืช ืœืœื ืฆืœ, ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืขืดื”, 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ 4  <ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืดืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื>
    ื”. ืงืกื ื”ื”ื™ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืขืดื”, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ  <ื‘-1940, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืืฉืคื•ื– ืžื™ื•ืกืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืงืžืœื” ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช. ืื•ืœื, ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื–ื™ื ืงื” ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื>
    ื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืคื™ืื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืขืดื”, 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014, ืขืžืณ 4 <ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืžืจื™ื, ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“>
    ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื›ื•ื ืกื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืคื™ืื™ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ืืคื™ืง - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช : ืขื™ืœืžื•ืจ, ืชืฉืขืดื– 2017), ืขืžืณ 319โ€“369.
  • ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื : ืดืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืืด. ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื’ืœืณ 196 (ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉืขืดื”, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014), ืขืžืณ 130โ€“134.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

  • ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช-ืžืจื™ื. ืดืžืจื—ื•ืง - ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืชืด.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืณ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืกืดื˜, 30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009, ืขืžืณ 2 <ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื•ื– ืฉื ื—ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื” ืžืจื™ื™ืกื”>
OpenLibrary โ€“ OL2296731A Wikidata โ€“ Q292563 J9U โ€“ 987007258231105171 NLI โ€“ 000016284 LC โ€“ no92010444 VIAF โ€“ 307142
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2022

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ