ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (1898โ€“1987)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Simon Halkin

    ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืกื•ืคืจ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืชืจื’ื, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื“ื•ื‘ืกืง, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจื ืดื˜, 28 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1898. ืžืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช. ื‘-1914 ื™ืฆื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.
    ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืดื—ืจื‘ื•ืชืด, ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘-1915 ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืงืœื˜ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืช. ื‘-1917 ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืณ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘-1921 ืคื•ืจืกื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœืจื•ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืืช ื’ืณืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืดืืœื™ื˜ื”ืด.
    ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1922โ€“1924 ื ื“ื“ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืดืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”ืด. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื™ืžืฅ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงืคื” ืดืจื•ื™ืืœืด, ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืดื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืด (ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื), ื‘ื”ื ืžืื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืžืฉื” ื ืื“ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืืœืคืจืŸ.
    ื‘-1928 ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™ (ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ). ื›ืฉืฉื‘ ื‘-1929 ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืžืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
    ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื’ืณื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืื™. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ื™ื ื‘-1947.
    ื‘-1932 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื ืกืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฉืชืงืขื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื‘-1936 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืœื’ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืืš ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘-1945, ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืœ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ.
    ื‘-1939 ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-1940 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ืฉื ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘-College of Jewish Studies, ื•ื‘-1943 ืฉื‘ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœื• ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘-Jewish Institute of Religion. ื‘-1949 ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘-1968, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“, ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจืกื™ื. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื: ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (1968) ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1975) ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™.
    ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉืœื’. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคืจืช, ืืคืจื™ื ืœื™ืกื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ืื– ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืจื“ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืชื• ืดื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”ืด (1920). ื‘ืžืกื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืดืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืชืด, ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืจืกื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื (1920). ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”-song, ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื”ื—ืจื–ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื”-poem, ืงืจื™: ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™-ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™. ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ืžืชืจื™ืก ืคื™ืจืกื ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื‘-1927 ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœืดืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”ืด ืฉืœ ืคืดื‘ ืฉืœื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืดื™ื•ื—ื™ืด, ืดืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”ืด, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืดืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”ืด, ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื”ืด ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช.
    ื‘-1927 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดืงืคื” ืจื•ื™ืืœืด. ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื™ืชื• ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื•ืกืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื•ืืœื™ื•ื˜, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืดืื™ื ื–ื™ืšืด ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง (ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืœืึทื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื‘ืฉืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืดืงืคื” ืจื•ื™ืืœืด, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœ.
    ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื›ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืฉื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื›ื‘ื“, ืฉืœื ืื—ืช ืžืืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ. ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคื’ ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ (1946), ืฉืกื™ื›ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื‘-1948 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ืดื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืจืžื•ืชืด (1962). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช-ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ืดืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸืด ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™-ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื•. ื‘-1965 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ืฉืกื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•.
    ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™, ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื’ืณื™ื™ืžืก ื’ืณื•ื™ืก. ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ (1945), ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืชืืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื•ืงืขืช ื‘ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืณื–, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘-1929. ืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืกื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ. ื—ืจืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืžืฅ ืืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
    ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช-ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื›ืกื•ืคืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืœื•. ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (1984), ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื›ืจื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (1969), ืฉืกื™ื›ืžื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืกืื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืื—ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืžืจ ื ื’ื“ื•. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืš ืื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” (1959) ืคืกืœ ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”, ืืœื ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
    ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื•ืก ืกืคืจื™ืก, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•. ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ (1951).
    ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืดื– ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1987 ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 89.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
 

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืฉืื ืŸยฒ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’ืจื ื•ืชยฒ, ืณื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืณ, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” : ืคื•ืื™ืžื” ืœื™ืจื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื—)
  • ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื˜ 1928)
  • ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” : ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื˜)
  • ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื” : ืคื•ืืžื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื, ืชืจืฆืดื“) <ื ื“ืคืก ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืดืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด ืœืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆืดื“>
  • ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื•)
  • ืขืจืื™ ื•ืงื‘ืข : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืื•ื”ืœ, ืชืฉืดื‘ 1942)
  • ืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ : ืจื•ืžืŸ. ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1929 (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดื”) <ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ>
  • ืขืœ ื”ืื™ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืดื•)
  • ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ; ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืดื– 1946)
  • ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™ : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื™ืดื–)
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ืง : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื• 1965)
  • ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™-ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืดืœ 1969) 3 ื›ืจืณ. <ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืจืฉืžื™ื. ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื™ื>
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื ื›ืจ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื‘ 1972)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชืจืขืดื–-ืชืฉืœืดื’ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื– 1977)
  • ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• : ื™ืดื‘ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืดื 1980)
  • ืื•ืœื™ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชืจืคืดื˜-ืชืฉืœืดื˜ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื‘)
  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984)
  • ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื-ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985)
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื / ืžืืช ื“ื–ืณืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื)
  • ื–ืื‘ ื”ื™ื / ื“ื–ืณืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื“) <ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช>
  • ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” : ืžื—ื–ื” / ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืžื˜ืจืœื™ื ืง (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ : (ื“ืคื•ืก ืดื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืด), ืชืจืคืดื—) <ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื” ื‘ืชืฉื™ืดื’>
  • ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” / ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื—) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘-1982>
  • ืืžื•ืง / ืกื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื’ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืจืคืดื˜) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื‘ืชืฉื›ืดื” 1964 ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2002>
  • ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื•ื ืฆื™ื” / ื•ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ-ืฉืจืœื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื˜)
  • ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” : 1492โ€“1848 / ืื ื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ื‘ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื’)
  • ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก : ืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ / ื“ื–ืณื•ืืŸ ืœื•ืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื’)
  • ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจืง : ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ืจืคื™ / ื•. ื”. ื”ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื“) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืดืš ื•ื‘ืชืฉื›ืดื>
  • ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืจืฅ : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช / ืžืืช ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืดื“)
  • ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืชื• / ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืกืคืจื™ ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ืชืฉืดื– 1947)
  • ืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ / ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ; ืœืงื˜ ื•ืชืจื’ื (ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•) ืฉืณ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, 1952)
  • ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื•ื ืฆื™ื” / ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1962)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื•ืก ืกืคืจื™ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973)
  • ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื’ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ืืกืชืจ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1983)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื : ืขืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• <ื™ืดื ืื‘ ืชืจืกืดื”โ€“ื˜ืดื• ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœืดื“> / ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืงืดื ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื”)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”:
  • ื•ื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืจืคืืœ.  ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ : ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ  : ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื / ืขืจื›ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื– ืฉื›ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975), ืขืžืณ 11-39.
  • ื•ื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืจืคืืœ. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉืœืดื“-ืชืฉืžืดื˜.  ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื‘ (ืชืฉืดืŸ 1990), ืขืžืณ 39โ€“49.
ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ : ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื / ืขืจื›ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื– ืฉื›ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ:
    • ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื•.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1975 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื : ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2007), ืขืžืณ 91โ€“97>
  • ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” โ€“ ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978)
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ:
  • ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฆื™ืœื”.  ืชืคืงื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ืืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืžื–ืจื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืดืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจืด ืœืฉืณ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืดืžื•ืกืžืšืด. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœืดื—>
  • ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฆื™ืœื”.  ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ - ื”ื—ืœืชื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1984) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”--ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘>
  • ื“ืจื•ืจ, ืžืจื™ื.  ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืชืจืขืดื—-ืชืฉืœืดื•  (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื’ 1983) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘>
  • ืฉื›ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืขื–.  ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ื”ืžื™ื : ืืคื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืœื™ื˜ืจืืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฅ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982)
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื.  ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื•ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™ืดื—, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1957), ืขืžืณ 43โ€“46 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  12 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, 1969), ืขืžืณ 139โ€“146>
  • ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืฉืจื’ื.  ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ืฉื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 5 (ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดืš, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1960), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  12 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, 1969), ืขืžืณ 134โ€“138>
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืฉ. ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจื—ื•ืง : ืคืจืงื™ ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช (ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง : ืื•ื”ืœ, ืชืฉืดื“ 1943), ืขืžืณ 75โ€“90 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ืขืžืณ 195โ€“208>
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ - ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ืขืžืณ 172โ€“194 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืฉืดื˜>
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ - ื”ืžืกืคืจ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952), ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืžืณ 291โ€“310 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืฉืดื‘>
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจ.  ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื’, ื’ืœืณ ื”ืณ-ื•ืณ  (ืชืฉืจื™-ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™), ืขืžืณ 138โ€“142 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 163โ€“169>
  • ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™, ืฉืœืžื”.  ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ : ืœื™ื•ื-ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดืœ, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1969, ืขืžืณ 6, 7;  ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดืœ, 2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1970, ืขืžืณ 6; ื‘ืณ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดืœ, 9 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1970, ืขืžืณ 6, 7.
  • ื“ืจื•ืจ, ืžืจื™ื.  ืื“ื ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืณ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 31 (ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉื ืดื” 1995), ืขืžืณ  95โ€“123.
  • ื”ื•ืก, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื”ืดื™ื•ืฆืจืด ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 100 (1988), ืขืžืณ 117.
  • ื”ื•ืคืจื˜, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 62, ื’ืœืณ ื (ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื’, 6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1982), ืขืžืณ 5โ€“7 <ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืณื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืณ>
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืดื™ื•ื—ื™ืด ื•ืดืืœืืกื˜ื•ืจืด: ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ : ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 103โ€“121 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978), ืขืžืณ 107โ€“126>
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืดื”ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ืืด ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช 1982โ€“2015 (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2016), ืขืžืณ 109โ€“115.
  • ื—ื‘ืจ, ื—ื ืŸ.  ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.  ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 12โ€“13 (1981), ืขืžืณ 264โ€“269 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืงื•ืจื ืฉื™ืจื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืงืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005), ืขืžืณ 104โ€“119>
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ.  ืžืกืคืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, 10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1978, ืขืžืณ 2.
  • ืœื™ืฃ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ - ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ (ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 37โ€“38 (367โ€“368) (ื—ื•ืจืฃ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 1988), ืขืžืณ 3โ€“4.
  • ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘.  ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช - ืขืงืจื•ืŸ-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.   ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ (ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 37โ€“38 (367โ€“368) (ื—ื•ืจืฃ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 1988), ืขืžืณ 20โ€“28.
  • ืžื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘. ื™.  ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ. ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉืจื™-ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™ <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971), ืขืžืณ 144โ€“148>
  • ืกืชื•ื™, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.  ืžืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืณื’ื ื–ื™ืืณ : ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ: ืดืืชื” ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืด.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืคืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ-ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืกืดื˜, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009), ืขืžืณ 18.
  • ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื•, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช : ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ื: ืขื ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื™ : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1975), ืขืžืณ 110โ€“118.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™. ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืดื”, 7 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1945, ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื•ืจืื”.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื” ื, ื’ืœืณ ื“ (ื›ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืดื™, 13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™. ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1953), ืขืžืณ 61โ€“67.
  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978), ืขืžืณ 217โ€“221.
  • ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืดื  ืกื™ืœืงื™ื ืจ ื•ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ (ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 39โ€“40 (369โ€“370) (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1988), ืขืžืณ 55โ€“61.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื” : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ืดืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”ืด ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืณืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชืจืขืดื–-ืชืฉืœืดื’ืณ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื”, ื’ืœืณ 5 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืœืดื—, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืžืณ 293โ€“300.
  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ืดืžืงื•ื ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืชืด: ืื–ื›ืจื” ืœื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื‘ (ืชืฉืดืŸ 1990), ืขืžืณ 9โ€“18.
  • ืงืจืžืจ, ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ืžืื–ื ื™ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 1 (1975), ืขืžืณ 6โ€“11 <ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืดื’ื•ืœื™ืืด ืžืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘, ืžื ื—ื.  ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ืฉ. ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื•ืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 1942), ืขืžืณ 209โ€“213.
  • ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื‘, ืžื ื—ื.  ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืขื ื”ื›ื“ ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืข : ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืช (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขึนื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 1950), ืขืžืณ 255โ€“260.
  • ืจืžื‘ื”, ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง.  ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ - ืžื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘,  ื”ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื˜, 22 ื‘ืžืื™ 1969, ืขืžืณ 18 <ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืฉื”-ืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ-ื™ืณ (ืชืฉืœืดื’), ืขืžืณ  324โ€“328.
  • Mintz, Alan.  ืดSimon Halkinืด. in his Sanctuary in the Wilderness : a critical introduction to American Hebrew poetry (Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2012), pp. 274-297.
  • Weingrad, Michael.  in his American Hebrew literature : writing Jewish national identity in the United States (Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press, 2011), see index.
ืขืœ ืดื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื™ืด ืขืœ ืดื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื”ืด ืขืœ ืดืขื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจืด ืขืœ ืดืขืœ ื”ืื™ืด
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืจืš ื™ืณ-ื™ืดื (ืชืฉืดื˜ 1949), ืขืžืณ 570โ€“582.
ืขืœ ืดืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืงืด
ืขืœ ืดื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™-ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชืด
ืขืœ ืดื ื›ืจืด ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืชืจืขืดื–-ืชืฉืœืดื’ืด ืขืœ ืดืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• (ื™ืดื‘ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”)ืด
  • ื‘ืจืฉืื™, ืื‘ื™ื ืขื.  ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™-ื–ื™ืงื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื ืดื, ื’ืœืณ 5 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืžืดื, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1980), ืขืžืณ 367โ€“371.
  • ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื“ืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 8 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1980 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื : ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2007), ืขืžืณ 97โ€“100>
  • ืฉื”-ืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืดืขื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื•ืด.  ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืจืื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื“ (ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื, ืžืื™ 1981), ืขืžืณ 62โ€“63.
ืขืœ ืดืื•ืœื™ืด
  • ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืจื˜ื ืจ, ืฆื™ืœื”.  ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ-ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช-ื“ืขืช : ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ - ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืดืื•ืœื™ืด.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื, ื’ืœืณ 7โ€“8 (ืชืฉืžืดื—), ืขืžืณ 83โ€“90.
ืขืœ ืดืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™ืด
  • ืฆื™ืคืจ, ื‘ื ื™.  ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื”, 8 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1985, ืขืžืณ 17.
ืขืœ ืดื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจืงืด ืœื•. ื”. ื”ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ
ืขืœ ืดืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ืด ืœื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืฉืจ ืืช ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื”, 3 ื‘ืžืื™ 1985, ืขืžืณ 18; ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื”, 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1985, ืขืžืณ 22โ€“23.
  • ื”ื ื“ืœ, ื‘ื ื™. ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ - ืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 112 (23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1985), ืขืžืณ 23.
  • ืขื“ืดืœ [ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช]. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื”ื˜ืžืŸ : ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืฉ. ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื“ืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื™ืดื– ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™ืดื’, 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1952, ืขืžืณ 5.
  • ืคื•ืจืช, ืืœื™ืฉืข.  ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืณืขืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ืณ.  ืฉื‘ื•: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ 26โ€“27 (ืชืฉืขืดื’ 2012), ืขืžืณ 17โ€“20.
  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”.  ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ : ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™ืดื’, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1952, ืขืžืณ 3.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ืืด ืœื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื•ืก ืกืคืจื™ืก
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL125599A Wikidata โ€“ Q7518905 J9U โ€“ 987007273833605171 NLI โ€“ 000451411 LC โ€“ n83001490 VIAF โ€“ 34571419
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 17 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022

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