ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ (1904โ€“1972)

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Shlomo Grodzensky

ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™, ืžืกืื™, ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืกืดื”, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1904 ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก), ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืดื—ื“ืจ ืžืชื•ืงืŸืด ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ึพ1917 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื ืืœืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืจื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื ื‘ืจืขื‘ืชื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ึพ1924 ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืดืžืขื‘ืจืด ื‘ืคืชื—ึพืชืงื•ื”, ื‘ึพ1925 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1928โ€“1951 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืดืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจืด, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืขื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
    ื‘ึพ1951 ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืจืš ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืคืืดื™, ืดื”ื“ื•ืจืด. ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื“ื•ึพื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืžื•ืช, (1962โ€“1965), ืฉื ืกื’ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืžื ื™ื, ืดื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืด. ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘ึพ1970 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื“ื‘ืจืด ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื• ืดื“ืณ ืืžื•ืชืด, ืคืจืกื ืžืื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”ืดืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ึพืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืดืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ืืด. ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืดืืžื•ืชืด.
    ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื”, ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชึพืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืชื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ึพื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขืชื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื“ืงื”, ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ืคื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช. ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืจ ืœื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ, ืงืจืชื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงืœื™ืฉืื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื ืจืชืข ืžืœื”ืฆืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ืจื—ื, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืœื”. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื•ืกืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•: ืงืจื™ืื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”, ื“ื’ืฉ ืื ื˜ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืงื ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืก ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ad hominem, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื‘ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ (ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื—ืฉ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื‘ืจื ืจ, ืœื‘ืจืœ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจื. ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจืื” ื›ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืดืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืืด, ื›ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ืดืืžื•ืชืด, ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ (ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1975).
    ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชึพื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืขืžื“ื” ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืคืืชื•ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืขื ืขืžื™ื“ื”ึพืžืŸึพื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืงืœื™ืงื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœื”. ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ืฉืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืกืงื™, ืขืจืš ื•ืคืจืกื. ืดืฆื•ืขื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื•ืžืงืืด, ื›ืš ืชื™ืืจ ื’ืจืฉื ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื–ื›ืจื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื•.
    ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ืžืกื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืœื ืคืจืกื ืฉื•ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ืžื” ืืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•.
    ืžืกืคืจื™ื•: ืดื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸืด, ืขื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ (ืคืืจืœืื’ ื™ืดืœ ืคืจืฅ, 1973); ืดืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘: ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”ืด, ืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ (1976); ืดืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื: ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• 1969โ€“1972ืด, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ (1975).
    ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœืดื‘, 7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1972 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกืงืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”.


ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ืณื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื•ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ืณื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, Yiddish Leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืคืืจืœืื’ ื™.ืœ. ืคืจืฅ, ืชืฉืœืดื“ 1973)
  • ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื”) <ืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ>
  • ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื : ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•, 1969โ€“1972 (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975) <ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ>
  • ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื•) <ืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ : ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ : ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ / ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจืึธื“ื–ืขื ืกืงื™ (ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง : ื™.ื—. ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ 169 ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, 1941)
  • ื—ื™ื™ื ืึทืจืœืึธื–ืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื‘ื•ืš : ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ / ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจืึธื“ื–ืขื ืกืงื™ (ื“ืขื˜ืจืึธื™ื˜ : ื—ื™ื™ื ืึทืจืœืึธื–ืึธืจืึธื•ื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ (137) ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, 1944)
  • ืืžื•ืช : ื“ื•ึพื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ื”ืขื•ืจืš โ€“ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘โ€“ืชืฉื›ืดื”)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ <ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช> ืฉื“ืžื•ืช: ื‘ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' ืข"ื” (ืชืฉ"ื), ืขืž' 168.
  • ื‘ืืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, 29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1988, ืขืž' 8โ€“9 <ืžืืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื”: ืžื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ>
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1973 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื”ื™ึถื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006), ืขืž' 91โ€“94>
  • ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ, ืขื–ืจื. ืืœ ืฉืœืžื”. ืฉื“ืžื•ืช: ื‘ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ื—ื•ื‘' ืข"ื” (ืชืฉ"ื), ืขืž' 107โ€“ 108.
  • ื–ืš, ื ืชืŸ.  ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืš, 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959, ืขืžืณ 7 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™: ืณื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืงืื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชืณ, ื“ื‘ืจ, 13 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959 (ื”ืžืฉืš); ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื™ื : ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช 1954ึพ1973 (ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011), ืขืžืณ 203โ€“205>
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ : ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื•.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณื“ื‘ืจืณ), ื’ืœืณ 4 (60) (ื›ืดื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœืดื’, 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1973), ืขืžืณ 1.
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™: ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื–' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉื "ื–, 14 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1997, ืขืž' ื“ 2 <ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•>
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ.  ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช - ืœื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืœืœื•ืื™ ื•ืœืฉืœืžื”: ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš ืœืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืœื•ืื™ ืžืงื ื™ืก (ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื). ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื, 27 ื‘ืžืื™ 2001, ืขืž' ื‘ 14 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช 1982โ€“2015 (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2016), ืขืžืณ 152โ€“160>
  • ืžื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘. ื™.  ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื™ืดื—, 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1958, ืขืžืณ 5, 6  <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื 1971), ืขืžืณ 149โ€“153, ื‘ืฉื ืดื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจืด>
ืขืœ ืดืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืืด
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“. ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ืž', ื’ืœ' 4 (1975), ืขืž' 313โ€“316.
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ืžื’ื‘ื”-ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณื“ื‘ืจืณ), ื’ืœืณ 6 (164) (ื›ืดื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœืดื”, 7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1975), ืขืžืณ 1 * <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื”ื™ึถื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006), ืขืž' 95โ€“99>
ืขืœ ืดืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ืืด ืขืœ ืดืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ืด
  • ืคืจื•ื–ืณื ืกืงื™, ืก. ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 1 (1976), ืขืžืณ 70โ€“71.
ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืดืืžื•ืชืด
  • ืคืจื ืง, ืž. ืฆ. ืืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 44, ื’ืœืณ ื“ืณ (ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื›ืดื”, 27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1964), ืขืžืณ 61โ€“62.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL5642848A Wikidata โ€“ Q5642848 NLI โ€“ 987007262043705171 LC โ€“ n89658924 VIAF โ€“ 32412310
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2026

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