ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ (1944โ€“2023)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Dan Laor

    ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ (ืœืื•ืคืจ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื”, 21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944 ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ึพ1965 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืดืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืด, ื•ืขื“ 1971 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ึพ1975 ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™. ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1979 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ืžืื– ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืชื“ืจื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1996โ€“2000 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2000โ€“2004 ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ืœืื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื ื•ืžืžืœื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
    ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (1971) ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืดืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืด ืฉืœ ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ. ืžืื– ื•ืื™ืœืš ื ืขืฉื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื”ื ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (1995). ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ (1998), ืฉื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸึพืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืจื‘ึพืžืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืฆืณืืฅืณ ื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ึพ2008 ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ืดื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืด ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืืช ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืงืจื•ื™ืื ืงืจ (1891โ€“1945), ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ึน ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ (1991).
    ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจื‘ (1983) ื›ื™ื ืก ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืื“ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื“ืื–. ื‘ึพ1989 ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืคื ืงืกื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืœืึพืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืจื“ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื™ืžื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืดืžื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืกืฃืด ื•ืขื“ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืš ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื ื™ืข ืื™ืฉื™ (ื’ื ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ).
    ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ึผืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ื›ื–ืจื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืจื‘ืชึพืชื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ (1983) ื•ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืžืกื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื—, ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื ื™ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช, ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืดืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื”ืด ืฉืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืจื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ (2009) ื‘ืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœืคืœื“. ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื• ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืจ, ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื›ื—ืฉืชื• ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช.
    ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• (1975); ืžืืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื– (1978); ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื– โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• (1984); ืื•ืจื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช (1986); ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืดื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช (1996); ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืณโ€“ื‘ืณ (1994; 2000). ื‘ืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืžืงื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื’ื“, ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœืคืœื“, ืืดื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืงื ื–, ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื–, ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืก ื•ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ.
    ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืคืจืกื ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจืกื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืคืจืก ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœึพืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื›ืžืŸ (1994) ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื, ื•ืคืจืก ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸึพืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ (1998). ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืดื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืคืดื’, 7 ื‘ืžืื™ 2023.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•ืด ืขืœ ืดื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจื‘ืด ืขืœ ืดืื•ืจื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืชืด
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื. ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ: ื”ืงืฉืจ โ€“ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 13 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1987, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 6โ€“ื‘ 7 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื”ื™ึถื” : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006), ืขืžืณ 241โ€“247>
  • ื‘ืจืชื ื, ืื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ: ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986, ืขืžืณ 24.
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ [ื™ืณ ืขืžื•ืก]. ื—ืงืจื™ ืื•ืจื™โ€“ื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื›ืดื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1987, ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ืืด
  • ืืจืœื™ืš, ื“ื•ื“. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื˜, 19 ื‘ืžืื™ 1989, ืขืžืณ 36โ€“37.
ืขืœ ืดื—ื™ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸืด ืขืœ ืดืืœืชืจืžืŸืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL1252971A Wikidata โ€“ Q6930126 NLI โ€“ 987007264247405171 LC โ€“ n79090959 VIAF โ€“ 19907375
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2026

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ