ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (1910โ€“1970)

Nathan Alterman

 

ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขืœึพืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ (ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื).

  • ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• / ืœื™ืงื˜ื” ื•ืฆื™ืจืคื” ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืžื’ืจื˜ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœืดื 1971). 236 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช)
      ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืžื’ืจื˜ืŸ: ืžื‘ื•ื โ€“ ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 7โ€“26)
    • ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
    • ืื™ื“ื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืช: ืดืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืด (ืขืžืณ 35โ€“44)
    • ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™: ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืงืฅ (ืขืžืณ 45โ€“75)
    • ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ: ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” (ืขืžืณ 76โ€“82)
    • ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื” : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 83โ€“101)
    • ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ: ื”-Condition humaine ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 102โ€“144)
    • ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื“: ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ:
      • ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” (ืดืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืด) (ืขืžืณ 145โ€“148)
      • ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš (ืดืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืชืด) (ืขืžืณ 149โ€“161)
    • ื”ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœื•ืžื‘: ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 162โ€“179)
    • ืื”ืจืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืŸ: ืดื›ื™ ื ืขืœืžื” ืขื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ืชืืด : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืณื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅืณ (ืขืžืณ 180โ€“189)
    • ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš: ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 190โ€“211)
    • ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื–: ืดืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืด ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 212โ€“217)
    • ืขื–ืจื ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ: ืฆืขื“ ืžื›ื•ื ืฃ <ืฉื™ืจ> (ืขืžืณ 218โ€“219)
    • ื ืกืคื—ื•ืช:
      • ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื (ืขืžืณ 223โ€“226)
      • ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 227โ€“229)
      • ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช (ืขืžืณ 230โ€“233)
      • ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ืขืžืณ 234โ€“236)
  • ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืชื‘ื• โ€“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ืจ

     

  • ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• : [ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื] / ืขืจื›ื• ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืžื ([ื‘ืืจึพืฉื‘ืข] : ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืžื•ืกื“ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989). 236 ืขืžืณ.
    ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืดื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื– (20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986) ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืฉื ืช ื”ืžืื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืจืื”: ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ.
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  • ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื•ืณืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืณ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ื–. โ€“ [ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ] : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื 1991. 248 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืกื“ืจืช ืื•ืคืงื™ ืžื—ืงืจ)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

     

  • ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื• : ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• / ืื•ืฆืจืช, ืฉืจื” ื˜ื•ืจืืœ ; ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™, ื ืกื™ื ืงืœื“ืจื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ; ืžืจื›ื– ืงื™ืค ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืดืข 2010)

  • ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.

     

  • ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื™ื•ื—ืื™.   ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื : ืฉื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืกืดื“ 2003)
    ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ, ืื ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืจืคืœื“ึพืขืžื™ืจ, ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™, ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ, ื“ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ื™ืฆื ื™.
    ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ:
    • ืคืจืง ื‘. ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืณื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืณ (ืขืžืณ 34โ€“47)
    • ืคืจืง ื’. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืžื” ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืขืžืณ 48โ€“68)
      ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช: ืดืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸืด ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ (1929) ื•ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื’ื‘ืด ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืกื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (1949, 1957)  โ€” ื ื“ืคืก ื’ื ื‘ืณืืœืคื™ื™ืืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 23 (2002), ืขืžืณ 83โ€“103.
    • ืคืจืง ื“. ืณืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸืณ: ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืขืžืณ 69โ€“80)
      ื ื“ืคืก ื’ื ื‘ืณื“ื™ืžื•ื™ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 22 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื’), ืขืžืณ 20โ€“26, 74.
    • ืคืจืง ื”. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ื”ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช (ืขืžืณ 81โ€“102)
      ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ื”ืžืชึพื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชึพื”ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” โ€” ื ื“ืคืก ื’ื ื‘ืณืกื“ืŸืณ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื” (ืชืฉืกืดื‘ 2002), ืขืžืณ 416โ€“442.
  •  

  • ืื•ืจื‘ืš, ืœื™ืœื™.  ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืชึพืื ื’ืœื™ืช. โ€” ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984. 506 ื“ืคื™ื.
    ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”โ€”(ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื
  •  

  • ืื™ื“ืจ, ื“ืจื•ืจ.  ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ, ืคืจื™ืก โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืณืคืจื—ื™ ื”ืจืขืณ ื•ืณื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืณ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื“ 2003)

  • ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸึพืฉืื•ืœ, ื—ื™ื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืขื™ื“ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™.

     

  • ืืจืœื™ืš, ืฆื•ืจ.  ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจื•ืŸ : ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2005). 93 ืขืžืณ.
  •  
    ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื“ืดืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“.

     

  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.   ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1979.  355 ืขืžืณ ื‘ืžืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
    ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1979.
  •  

  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ : ืฉื™ืจื™ ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ: ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”. โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1981. 224 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืœื
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ: ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืชื ื, ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืœืฉื ื•ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืช.
  •  

  • ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืœืœ.ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื•ื ืืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ โ€“ ืดืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืด ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืจืžื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืชื ืดืš ื•ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1997)
      40 ืขืžืณ.
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ: ืฉืจื” ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ.
  •  

  • ื‘ืจืชื ื, ืื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ : ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 2014). 268 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

     

  • ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.  ืžื•ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื : ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”. โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื— 2008.
     192 ืขืžืณ.

  • ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ.

     

  • ื’ืœ, ืฉืจื™.   ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, 1938โ€“1948 : ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉืจื™ ื’ืœ ; [ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžื“ืขื™, ืื™ืœื ื” ืงื“ืžื™]. โ€“ [ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘] : ืžืกื“ื”, 1992. 48 ืขืžืณ.
    ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขืช ื•ื”ืขืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜: ืดืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืชืด, ืดื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื“ื™ืชืด, ืดืณืืžื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช?ืณืด, ืดื”ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸืด, ืดื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื•ืœื“ืด, ืดืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืชืด, ืดื•ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจืš โ€“ ืœื‘ื“ื ื•ืด, ืดื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ืด, ืดืฆืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืด ื•ืดื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื•ื”ื›ื ื•ืจืด.
    ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
  •  

  • ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืžื ื—ื.   ืืœ ืœื‘ ื”ื–ืžืจ : ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1986. 239 ืขืžืณ.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื: ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื”, 1910โ€“1932.
      • ืื•ื‘ืืจื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ืžืœ โ€“ ื•ืืจืฉื”.
      • ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” โ€“ ืงื™ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘.
      • ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืณื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”ืณ.
      • ืคืืจื™ืก ื•ื ืื ืกื™.
    • ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–: ืคืจืงื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ.
      • ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืจื™ื.
      • ื ืกืคื—: ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืณืจื’ืขื™ืืณ. โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืื•, ืžืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืณ ืืœ ืณื”ื˜ื•ืจืณ. โ€“ ื”ื‘ืจืง ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”. โ€“ ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ืŸ. โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื•. โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืณืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืกืณ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•. โ€“ ื ื’ื“ ืดื”ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ืžืืœื˜ื•ื ื”ืด.
      • ื—ืชื™ืžื”
      • ื™ืดื– ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
      • ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื— ืฉืžื•ืช.

      ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ื ืื™ [ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉ. ืืœื•ื ื™ื]

     

  • ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืžื ื—ื.   ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” / ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”. โ€“ [ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ] : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื•ืกื“ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, 1991. 351 ืขืžืณ.
    ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืคื™ืจืกื ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืณืืœ ืœื‘ ื”ื–ืžืจืณ (1986) ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932, ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืชืฉืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื 25 ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืขืจืš ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1974, ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืกืคืจื• ื•ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ; ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื•; ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ; ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ื— ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืคืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”:
      • ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืื•ื‘ืืจื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ืžืœ โ€“ ื•ืืจืฉื”
      • ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™:ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” โ€“ ืงื™ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘
      • ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืดื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”ืด
      • ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ืคืืจื™ืก ื•ื ืื ืกื™
      • ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื
      • ืคืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื™: ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”
      • ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™: ืกืขืจ ื•ืคืจืฅ
      • ืคืจืง ืฉืžื™ื ื™: ืจื’ืขื™ื
      • ืคืจืง ืชืฉื™ืขื™: ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื
    • ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช
    • ืื’ืจื•ืช
    • ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ
    • ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ
    • ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ
  • ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืขื“ื™ ืื•ืคื™ืจ, ื‘ื•ืขื– ืืคืœื‘ืื•ื, ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก, ื–ื”ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.

     

  • ื—ื‘ืจ, ื—ื ืŸ.   ืคืชืื•ื ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” : ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2001). 229 ืขืžืณ.
    ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื•ืณืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืณ) ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
  • ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื’ืœื•ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉ. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ.

     

  • ื˜ืจื˜ื ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸึพืฆื‘ื™, ืชืฉืขืดื 2010.
    318 ืขืžืณ. โ€” (ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœืœ ื‘ืŸึพื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช)
  •  

  • ื˜ืจืŸ, ืœืื”.  ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืดืฉืžื—ืชึพืขื ื™ื™ืืด ืœื . ืืœืชืจืžืŸ / ืžืืช ืœืื” ื’ืœื–ืจึพื˜ืจืŸ (ื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืชืฉืดื 1980)
    ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ืจื ื“, ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืž.ื., ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืื” ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  •  

  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ.   ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจื‘ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1983). 128 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืกื™ื“ืจืช ืžืกื”, ืžื—ืงืจ, ืขื™ื•ืŸ)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
    • ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืงืฅ
    • ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืดื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืด
    • ื”ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
    • ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”
    • ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืดื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืด
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืžืœื” ืขื™ื ืช.
  •  

  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ.   ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืืคืงื™ื, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2013). 912 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืกืคืจื™ืช ืืคืงื™ื, 289)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ
  •  

  • ืœื”ื‘, ืืงื™.  ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ื™ื
  • (ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ ื ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืคืดื‘ 2022). 602, [4] ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

     

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืืจื‘ืข ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชึพื™ืžื™ื ื• : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืจื˜ื•ืฉ, ื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืฉืžื™ืจ. โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1962. ืขืžืณ 11โ€“108.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื. ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื” : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 13โ€“37)
    • ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื : ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 38โ€“68)
    • ื’. ืณืืจืกึพืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื”ืณ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืœืš : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 69โ€“83)
    • ื“. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 84โ€“108)
    ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืขืžืณ 379โ€“382) ื•ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช (ืขืžืณ 391โ€“393).
    ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœืดื” (1975). 
  •  

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืืจื‘ืข ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชึพื™ืžื™ื ื• : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืจื˜ื•ืฉ, ื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืฉืžื™ืจ. โ€“ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช. โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืœืดื” 1975. ืขืžืณ 11โ€“191.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื (ืขืžืณ 13โ€“30)
    • ื‘. ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ึพื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 31โ€“68)
    • ื’. ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื” : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 69โ€“93)
    • ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื : ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 94โ€“124)
    • ื”. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 125โ€“149)
    • ื•. ืณืืจืกึพืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื”ืณ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืœืš : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขืžืณ 150โ€“164)
    • ื–. ื”ืกืขืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืฅ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• (ืขืžืณ 165โ€“174)
    • ื—. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืณืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืชืณ (ืขืžืณ 175โ€“191)
    ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘-1962. 
  •  

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.   ืžืคืจื˜ ืืœ ืขื™ืงืจ : ืžื™ื‘ื ื”, ื–ืณืื ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ [ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘] : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื.
    231 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื—ืœืง ื)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืกืคืจ
    • ืžื™ื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ึพื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ
    • ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืณืื ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ืช
    • ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด
    • ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืณืื ืจ ื”ืจืืคืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ
    • ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ืขืœ ืดืืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืืด ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืดืงืฉื”ืด ื‘ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด
    • ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืดื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืด
    • ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื™ึพื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืืœื›ืก ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“
  •  

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.  ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื— ื”ืฉื•ืชืง : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1992), 399 ืขืžืณ.
    ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืขืžืณ 61โ€“119) ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืดืคื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืžื’ืฉ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืชืด) ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืดืžื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืกืฃืด (ืขืžืณ 63โ€“87), ื•ืดืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื•ืจื”ืด (ืขืžืณ 89โ€“101) ืžืชื•ืš ืณื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืณ ื•ืดื“ื•ึพืฉื™ื—ืด (ืขืžืณ 102โ€“119) ืžืชื•ืš ืณืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืณ.ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืœืคื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคืช ื“ืžืข ื•ืงืกืืด ื•ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืงืด. ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืณื•ืจื’ืณ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืจืงื•ืŸืด. ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœืด; ื“ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืดืณื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืณ ื•ื”ืื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืงืด; ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื˜ื•ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื ืดืžืณืžื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืกืฃืณ ื•ืขื“ ืณืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ืืณ.

  •  

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ.   ืคืจืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช : ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• : ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืชืฉืกืดื 2001. ื›ืจืš ืืณ. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: 1910โ€“1935.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืกืคืจ.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื‘ื™ืชึพื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ืื.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•?
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื: ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืงื™ื™ื‘, ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช: ืฆืจืคืช โ€“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœืขืฆืžื•.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืณืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื™ืืณ.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช: ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืณื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืืณ ื•ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช: ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฆืจืคืช, 1931.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1932.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช: ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช: ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื–ื‘ื”, 1933.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”: ืชืงื•ืคืช ืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืณ, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1934โ€“1935.
    • ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”: ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื–ืณืื ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฅึพืงืื ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื—ืชื™ืžื”.
    • ื ืกืคื—ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช.
  • ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”:ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸึพืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจึพื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“, ื—ื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืื’ื™ ืžืฉืขื•ืœ, ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืœืช ื ื’ื‘, ืžื™ืจื™ ืคื–, ืืœื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ืืœ, ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ, Chanita Goodblatt.

     

  • ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“.  ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจื™ืžื• : ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดืฃ 2019.  247 ืขืžืณ. โ€” (ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ; 323)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ, ืจืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืœ.
  •  

  • ืžืจื•ื–, ืชืงื•ื”. ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™, 1931โ€“1938. โ€” ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง, 1978. 349 ืขืž'.
    ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, 1978.
  •  

  • ื ืื•ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ : ืžืกืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื ื“ืจื™ืื” ื•ืฆืณืจืœืก ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2006.  360 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืฆื•ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš, ืขื™ื ืช ื‘ืจืขื ืืฉืœ, ื™ื—ื™ืขื ื•ื™ืฅ, ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ.
  •  

  • ื ืื•ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ : ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื— 2018.  278 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืฆื•ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš,
  •  

  • ื ื‘ื•, ื’ื™ื“ื™.  ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2018.  269 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  •  

  • ืขืจืคืœื™, ื‘ืขื–.  ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš : ืชืฉืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืขืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืกืžื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืดืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื’. 158 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ; 14)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื. ืื—ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ : ื”ืฉื™ื•ืš ื”ื–ืณืื ืจื™ ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื.
    • ื‘. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ.
    • ื’. ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื” (ื).
    • ื“. ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื” (ื‘) ืกืžืœื™ื ืงืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
    • ื”. ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื›ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืœืื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ืช.
    • ื•. ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ : ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
    • ื–. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื : ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ึพืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ.
    • ื—. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ.
    • ื˜. ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื” : ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช: (ื). ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื•ืณื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅืณ; (ื‘). ื–ื™ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
      ื—ืœืง (ื‘) ืžืคืจืง ื˜, ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืณืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืืณ ื•ืณืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืณ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ื– (ืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ : ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื 1991), ืขืžืณ 158โ€“177.
      ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืื™ืœื ื” ืงื“ืžื™, ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ
  •  

  • ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸึพืขืžื™.  ืžืณื›ืœื ื™ื•ืชืณ ืœืณืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืชืณ : ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™. โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009.  268 ืขืžืณ.
        ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
        ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืžื™ืจื™ ืคื–
  •  

  • ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื.  ืดื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืด ื•ืดื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื ืฉืงืด : ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009.  229 ืขืžืณ. โ€” (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื‘ื ; ื’ืœืณ 20 ื›ืจืš ื).
  •  

  • ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื.   ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื ืฉืง : ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. โ€” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011. 286 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืฆื•ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš, ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืœ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืื•ืจ, ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ.
  •  

  • ืฆื•ืจื™ืช, ืื™ื“ื”.   ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื“.
         146 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื›ืก ื–ื”ื‘ื™.
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  • ืฆื•ืจื™ืช, ืื™ื“ื”.   ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2004.
         356 ืขืžืณ.
    ืดืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸืด
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื•: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืขื” ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื.
  •  

  • ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื”.  ืœืคื ื™ืšึธ ืชืื•ืžื™ื : ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ ืื•ืจื ื™ื : ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื”, ืชืฉื ืดื– 1997. 144 ืขืžืณ. โ€” (ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื“ืžื•ืช, ืžืกืณ 7)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
  •  

  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸึพื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.   ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ื ื™ : ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1983. 128 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืกื™ื“ืจืช ืžืกื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื™ื•ืŸ)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืžื‘ื•ื
    • ื—ื™ื•ืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸโ€”ื•ืฉื ื™ : ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ืช
    • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ื ื™ : ื“ืจื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืดื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅืด
    • ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืดื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅืด
    • ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช : ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
    • ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืดื›ื ืจืช, ื›ื ืจืชืด
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื•ืขืžืœื” ืขื™ื ืช.
  •  

  • ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸึพื‘ืœื•ื, ืจื•ืช.  ื”ืœืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืœ : ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ โ€“ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืžื ื™ืคืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื“ 1994. 216, [23] ืขืžืณ.
  •  

  • ืงืจืžื ื™ืฆืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ / ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงืจืžื ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืื‘ืจืš. โ€” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืชืฉืขืดื’ 2013.  14 ืขืžืณ. *
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืฅ
  •  

  • ืจืฉืฃ, ื’ื™ื“ื™.  ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก. โ€” ื—ื™ืคื” : ืคืจื“ืก ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014. 74 ืขืžืณ.
    ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš: ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ืืฆืœ ื‘ืจื’ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื”ืื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืดื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื”ืด, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ื–ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•? ื•ื”ืื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื’ืกื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืดื”ืžืฉืšืด โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ื—ื•ืคืฉื™?
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื™ืœืš ื•ื‘ืจ.
  •  

  • ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืขื•ื–ื™.   ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช : ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ืณืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืณ. โ€“ ื—ื™ืคื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” : ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ ; ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉืกืดื’ 2003. 211 ืขืžืณ.
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืืœื›ืก ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™, ื™ื•ืกื™ ืคืœืก ื•-Chanita Goodblatt
  •  

  • ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืขื•ื–ื™.
  •   ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœ : ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืงืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื— 2007. 304 ืขืžืณ.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
    • ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืกืคืจ
    • ื. ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”
    • ื‘. ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงืข ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื
    • ื’. ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื
    • ื“. ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™
    • ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”
    • ื•. ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
    • ื–. ื”ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ ืื• ืดืื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืœืšืด
    • ื—. ืžื”ื• ืจื•ื— ืจืคืื™ื?
    • ื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื˜
    • ื™. ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืขื ืช
    • ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืฆืจ: ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืืฉื”
    • ื™ื‘. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืฉื”: ื”ืขื™ื˜
    • ื™ื’. ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืช ืœืจืขื™ื”
    • ื™ื“. ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืื“ื
    • ื˜ื•. ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืจืขื•ืช
    • ื˜ื–. ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืช
    • ื™ื–. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™: ืณืžืงืจื” ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื›ืืณ
    • ื™ื—. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™: ืณืœืืŸ ื ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืจืคื”?ืณ
    • ื™ื˜. ืดืžื™ ื™ืืžืจ: ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข ืชืžืชื™?ืด
    • ื›. ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ื˜ืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
    • ื›ื. ืžื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจื–ื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
    • ื›ื‘. ืžืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื
    • ื›ื’. ื”ืื—ื™ื
    • ื›ื“. ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื
    • ื›ื”. ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื‘
    • ื›ื•. ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืื‘ื ื™ื
    • ื›ื–. ืžืžื—ืฉื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”
    • ื›ื—. ืžื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื—
    • ื›ื˜. ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืชื ื• ืฉื—ืจ
    • ืœ. ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœ
    • ืœื. ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื 1940
    • ืœื‘. ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื”
    • ืœื’. ืกื™ื•ื
    • ื ืกืคื—: ืณืžืฉื ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ืืณ: ืชืดืก ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™
    • ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”:
    ืฆื•ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ื ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืœ (2 ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช), ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ.

     

  • ืฉื“ื”, ืฉืœืžื”.  ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืชืจื—ืฉ : ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ). โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืดืก 2000.  303 ืขืžืณ.
    ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ืดืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘- 1994.
    ืดื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื‘ืจืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื•: ืžื”ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™? ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ึพื•ืฉื™ื— ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืขื ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจื•ืžื– ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”? ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืขื ืฉื™ืจืช ืดื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืด, ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช? ืื™ืš ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืดื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืด, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื? ืžื”ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืดืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืชืด ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ... ืžื ืกื” ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ... ืด.
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:

    • ืคืจืง ื. ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช
    • ืคืจืง ื‘. ืกืคืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
    • ืคืจืง ื’. ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื•ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
    • ืคืจืง ื“. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช

     

  • ืฉื”ึพืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.   ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ : ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. โ€“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื•ืจึพืขื, ืชืฉืœืดื– 1977) . 72 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงืจื™ืื”)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ื—ื™ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ.
    • ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
    • ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
    • ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื.
    • ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™.
    • ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.
    • ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”.
    • ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ.
    • ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืžืจืช.
    • ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืจ.
    • ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
    • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ.
    • ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
    • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื.
  •  

  • ืฉื—ื, ื—ื™ื”.   ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืžืดื— ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืดืœืงืจืืชืด ื‘ื–ื™ืงืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€“ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ; ื—ื™ืคื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, 1997). 278 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื”ื ืขืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ึพื ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืดืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”ืด ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•, ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™ ื•ื“ื• ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื“ืจื’ื•ืชื™ื”. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื•ืืจืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.  ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989)
    339 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืžืจืื” ืžืงื•ื, ืกื“ืจืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช)
    ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืณืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื–ืณ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1930โ€“1931 ื•ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืชื ื, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื™ืฆื—ืงื™.
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.  ืขืœ ืขืช ื•ืขืœ ืืชืจ : ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื˜ 1999). 352 ืขืžืณ. โ€“ (ืžื‘ืดืข, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช / ื”ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ึพื”ืจื•ื— ืขืดืฉ ืœืกื˜ืจ ื•ืกืืœื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืชึพื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืžื‘ื•ื: ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ืฆืจืด ืื• ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ืด
    • ืคืจืง ื. ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืดืืกืชื˜ื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืชืด : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืดื”ืจื•ื— ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืด ื•ืดื”ืกืขืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจืด
    • ืคืจืง ื‘. ืดืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”ืด : ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”
    • ืคืจืง ื’. ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ืด
    • ืคืจืง ื“. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืดืฉื™ืจ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื™ืืด (ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืดืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืชื”ืด โ€“ ืฉื™ืจ ืืณ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ)
    • ืคืจืง ื”. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืดืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื’ื‘ืด
    • ืคืจืง ื•. ื“ืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ืฆื•ืช : ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”
    • ืคืจืง ื–. ืดืžืจื™ื‘ืช ืงื™ืฅืด : ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืดื›ื ืขื ื™ืืด
    • ืคืจืง ื—. ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื™ืจืชื• : ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจืคื™ื•
    • ืคืจืง ื˜. ืืœืฃ ืงื™ืฅ ืŸืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ
    • ืคืจืง ื™. ื›ื™ ืœื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืื•ืชื ื ื•ืขื“ : ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ
    • ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื. ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.   ืชื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. โ€” ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2005. 272 ืขืžืณ (ืžื‘ืดืข : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช)
    ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ:
    • ืžื‘ื•ื: ื”ืกื™ืฃ, ื”ื ื•ืฆื” ื•ืกื•ืก ื”ืขืฅ : ืดืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ืด ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืดืึถืคื•ืกืด ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
    • ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื ื•ืดืŸ = ืดื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸืด ืื• ืดื ืกืด? : ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคื” โ€“ ืžืกื›ึถืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ
    • ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™: ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ... : ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ึพืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืืคืจื•ื— ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™
    • ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืžืจ ืงื˜ืŸ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืดื ืกื•ืคื™ืช
    • ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” : ืขืœ ื”ืดืึถืคื•ืกืด ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ืง ืงื˜ืŸ
    • ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ืกืคืจื ืื• ืกื™ืคื : ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง
    • ืคืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื™: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืฉื ื•ืฉืžืฉ
    • ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™: ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื” : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช
    • ืžืจืื™ ืžืงื•ื. ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืขื•ื–ื™ ืื•ืจื ืŸ, ืืœื™ ืืฉื“.
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.  ื”ึตืœืš ื•ืžึถืœืš : ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€” ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืื•ืžื™. โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2010. 359 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืื”: ืืœื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉ
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.  ืจื•ืฆื™, ื ื•ืฆื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ / ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ.  โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2013.. 359 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื•ื”.  ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจ : ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ  / ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ.  โ€” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2017.. 256 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
  •  

  • ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’. โ€“ ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988. 181 ืขืžืณ.
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
    ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”.
    ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืจืื”: ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ื ืื™ [ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉ. ืืœื•ื ื™ื], ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืง, ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ, ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื—
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ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 7 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2023

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

ืกืคืจื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื:
1920โ€“1934
ืจื’ืขื™ื:
1934โ€“1943
ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™:
1943โ€“1948
ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™:
1949โ€“1956
ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™
ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ:
1957โ€“1970
ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•