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Tetraferriannite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About TetraferrianniteHide

Formula:
KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2
Fe(III) may be replaced by minor Al.
Colour:
Brown to black
Lustre:
Adamantine, Vitreous
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
In allusion to its composition and crystal structure, containing iron 3+ cations (FERRIc, from Latin ferrum = 'iron') in TETRAhedrally coordinated sites, and its chemical relationship to annite. The original name, ferri-annite, was changed by the CNMMN in 1998 to tetra-ferri-annite. The hyphens were removed by the IMA in 2008, resulting in tetraferriannite.
Mica Group. The ferric iron analogue of annite and ferrous iron analogue of tetraferriphlogopite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
7333
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:7333:8

IMA Classification of TetraferrianniteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
First published:
1982

Classification of TetraferrianniteHide

9.EC.20

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.2b.4

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
TfannIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
TfaThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
TfannWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of TetraferrianniteHide

Adamantine, Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Brown to black
Streak:
Light brown
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}

Optical Data of TetraferrianniteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.66 nβ = 1.72 nγ = 1.728
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.068
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = light reddish brown, Y = Z = pale yellow green
or
X = brownish red, Y = Z = pale greenish brown.

Chemistry of TetraferrianniteHide

Mindat Formula:
KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2

Fe(III) may be replaced by minor Al.
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Fe41.310 %
O35.505 %
Si15.582 %
K7.231 %
H0.373 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Crystallography of TetraferrianniteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.402(6) Å, b = 9.237(4) Å, c = 10.306(7) Å
β = 99.26°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.585 : 1 : 1.116
Unit Cell V:
507.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Twinning:
frequent

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0002213TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219990293
0002210TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219990293
0002208TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219990.0001293
0002211TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219990569
0002212TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219990708
0002209TetraferrianniteComodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-33219993.94293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
10.159 Å(vs)
3.684 Å(m)
3.379 Å(m)
1.696 Å(m)
1.600 Å(w)
2.905 Å(vw)
2.666 Å(vw)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.50
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies)
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust>4.4-3.0
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
34 : Complex granite pegmatites
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals<10 Ka
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55)

Type Occurrence of TetraferrianniteHide

General Appearance of Type Material:
Flaky to tabular grains or as massive aggregates of fine acicular grains.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Low-grade metamorphosed banded iron formation.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Synonyms of TetraferrianniteHide

Other Language Names for TetraferrianniteHide

Relationship of Tetraferriannite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of Biotite:
AnniteKFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
FluoranniteKFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
SiderophylliteKFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.EC.MeifuiteKFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.BalestraiteKLi2V5+Si4O12Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.05TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05MinnesotaiteFe2+3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05WillemseiteNi3Si4O10(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.9.EC.VoloshiniteRb(LiAl1.50.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10FluorluanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.10GarmiteCsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.10GorbunoviteCsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2Mon.
9.EC.10FerripyrophylliteFe3+Si2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m
9.EC.10ManganiceladoniteK(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.10LuanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1
9.EC.15ParagoniteNaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15FerroaluminoceladoniteK(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15NanpingiteCsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15FerroceladoniteK(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15GanteriteBa0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15KreiteriteCsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.15RoscoeliteKV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15AluminoceladoniteK(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15Tobelite(NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15TainioliteKLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15CeladoniteK(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromceladoniteK(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.15MontdoriteKFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromphylliteKCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15BoromuscoviteKAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m
9.EC.15'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg'KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2Mon.
9.EC.15Chernykhite(Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20MasutomiliteK(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20'Chloroferrokinoshitalite'(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2
9.EC.20SiderophylliteKFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.20SokolovaiteCsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.20HendricksiteKZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20FluoranniteKFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20AspidoliteNaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Suhailite(NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EphesiteNaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.20NorrishiteKLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20OrloviteKLi2Ti(Si4O10)OFMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20ShirokshiniteK(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20TrilithioniteK(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20ShirozuliteKMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PreiswerkiteNaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Wonesite(Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi'(Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2
9.EC.20FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20AnniteKFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.22'Pimelite'Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.
9.EC.30MargariteCaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35Kinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35ClintoniteCaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35FluorokinoshitaliteBaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35BityiteCaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35Anandite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.40Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.40NontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Kurumsakite(Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?)Orth.
9.EC.40Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
9.EC.45SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.
9.EC.45HanjiangiteBa2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2FMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.45SpadaiteMgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?)
9.EC.45FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.45Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.45SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.45SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.50VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
9.EC.52'Tarasovite'near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O
9.EC.55ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Borocookeite(LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8Mon. m : Bb
9.EC.55FranklinfurnaceiteCa2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.55PennantiteMn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric.
9.EC.55VakhrushevaiteMg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric. 1
9.EC.55NimiteNi5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Cookeite(LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8Mon. 2/m
9.EC.55GonyeriteMn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8Orth.
9.EC.55ChamositeFe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55'Orthochamosite'(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8
9.EC.55BaileychloreZn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric. 1
9.EC.55SudoiteMg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55GlagoleviteNa(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.55DonbassiteAl4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.60DozyiteMg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12Mon.
9.EC.60Rectorite(Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2OMon.
9.EC.60Corrensite(Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2OOrth.
9.EC.60AliettiteCa0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.60Karpinskite(Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?)Mon.
9.EC.60LunijianlaiteLi0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10Mon.
9.EC.60TosuditeNa0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2OMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.60HydrobiotiteK(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60KulkeiteMg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10Mon.
9.EC.60BrinrobertsiteNa0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2OMon.
9.EC.65Macaulayite(Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.70BurckhardtitePb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
9.EC.75Niksergievite(Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.75Ferrisurite(Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.75Surite(Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2Mon. 2 : P21
9.EC.80KegelitePb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8Mon.

RadioactivityHide

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for TetraferrianniteHide

References for TetraferrianniteHide

Reference List:

Localities for TetraferrianniteHide

Showing 16 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia (TL)
 
  • Western Australia
    • Ashburton Shire
Miyano et al. (1983)
Miyano et al. (1982) +1 other reference
Austria
 
  • Burgenland
    • Oberpullendorf District
      • Markt Sankt Martin
        • Pauliberg
Exel (1993)
  • Carinthia
    • Villach-Land District
      • Weißenstein
        • Gummern
Cameroon
 
  • Southwest Region
Jérémine (1943) +2 other references
Canada
 
  • Nunavut
    • Qikiqtaaluk Region
      • Baffin Island
Hogarth (1997)
  • Ontario
www.excaliburmineral.com
Germany
 
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Märkischer Kreis
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
            • Helmke quarry nature reserve
Bender et al. (1994)
Italy
 
  • Abruzzo
    • Pescara Province
      • Pescosansonesco
Vichi et al. (2005)
Japan
 
  • Fukushima Prefecture
Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)
Niger
 
  • Agadez
    • Tchirozerine
J. Fabriès and G. Rocci (1965)
South Africa
 
  • Northern Cape
    • John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality
      • Joe Morolong Local Municipality
South Korea
 
  • North Gyeongsang Province
    • Gyeongju City
Choi et al. (2013)
Lee et al. (1995)
USA
 
  • Arkansas
    • Hot Spring County
      • Magnet Cove
Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010)
  • Wyoming
    • Crook County
      • Bear Lodge alkaline igneous complex
Hutchinson et al. (2022)
 
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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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