Chamosite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chamosite
Formula:
Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8
Colour:
Green, grey-green, brown-green, dark green, black
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
3.0 - 3.4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named "chamoisite" in 1820 by Pierre Berthier for the type locality Haut de Cry, near Chamoson, Valais, Switzerland.
Type Locality:
The iron(II) analogue of clinochlore, with which it forms a solid-solution series (chamosite-clinochlore series).
A very common member of the chlorite group, but less common than clinochlore.
Easily confused with berthierine.
Note: berthierine is difficult to recognise by normal XRD methods because the critical identifying feature, the absence of a 14 Å basal reflection, is commonly masked by a peak due to admixed chlorite (Brindley, 1982; Slack et al., 1992).
A very common member of the chlorite group, but less common than clinochlore.
Easily confused with berthierine.
Note: berthierine is difficult to recognise by normal XRD methods because the critical identifying feature, the absence of a 14 Å basal reflection, is commonly masked by a peak due to admixed chlorite (Brindley, 1982; Slack et al., 1992).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
967
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:967:2
IMA Classification of Chamosite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8
Classification of Chamosite
9.EC.55
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.4.1.7
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
4 : Sheets of 6-membered rings interlayered 1:1, 2:1, and octahedra
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
4 : Sheets of 6-membered rings interlayered 1:1, 2:1, and octahedra
16.19.13
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Chm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Chm | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Chm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Chm | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Chm | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Chamosite
Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green, grey-green, brown-green, dark green, black
Streak:
Green to gray.
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Density:
3.0 - 3.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.129 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chamosite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.595 - 1.671 nβ = 1.599 - 1.684 nγ = 1.599 - 1.685
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.004 - 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (27°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (27°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r < v weak to strong
Orientation:
Y= b; X ^ a = 88°-90°; Z ^ a = 0°-2°: or rarely Y= b; X ^ a ' 0°; Z ^ a ' 90° .
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = yellow-green to light brownish green; Y = Z = green to dark green
Comments:
Data from Handbook of Minerals
Chemistry of Chamosite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mg,Mn,Cr,Ca,Na,K,O
General Formula
(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 27.8 % | 26.22 % |
| Al2O3 | 11.6 % | 11.14 % |
| Fe2O3 | 19.1 % | |
| FeO | 25.5 % | 44.83 % |
| MnO | 1.7 % | 1.74 % |
| MgO | 1.4 % | 1.45 % |
| H2O | 12.9 % | 13.49 % |
| CaO | 0.98 % | |
| Na2O | 0.09 % | |
| K2O | 0.08 % | |
| Total: | 100 % | 100.02 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tuften, Tvedalen, Larvik Commune, Vestfold, Norway | XRF analysis by A. O. Larsen. Fe2+ by titration. H2O by difference. | |
| 2 | " " | EMP analysis by M. Erambert. H2O by difference. |
Crystallography of Chamosite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Comment:
| Orthochamosite |
|---|
| (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| a = 5.35 Å, c = 9.29 Å |
| a:c = 1 : 1.736 |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012235 | Chamosite | Walker J R, Bish D L (1992) Application of Rietveld refinement techniques to a disordered IIb Mg-chamosite Clays and Clay Minerals 40 319-322 | 1992 | Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 14.1 Å | (70) |
| 7.05 Å | (100) |
| 3.52 Å | (100) |
| 2.601 Å | (90) |
| 2.554 Å | (70) |
| 2.392 Å | (80) |
| 1.551 Å | (90) |
Comments:
14 angstrom peak usually much lower intensity
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations |
Type Occurrence of Chamosite
Synonyms of Chamosite
Other Language Names for Chamosite
Varieties of Chamosite
| Antimonian Zincian Plumboan Chamosite | "locally with up to 1.52 apfu Sb, 0.53 apfu Zn and 0.38 apfu Pb" |
| Bavalite | Chlorite group. Originally reported from Brittany, France. |
| Brunsvigite | Used by Hey (1954) in his widely used, formal classification of chlorites, for ones with Mg/(Mg+Fe) = 0.25-0.5 and Si = 5.6-6.2 atoms per 8 tetrahedral sites, but now considered a variety of chamosite. Originally described from Gabbro Quarry (Bärenstein... |
| Chlorine-bearing Chamosite | |
| Chromium-bearing Chamosite | A Cr-enriched variety of chamosite. |
| Daphnite | A Mg-bearing variety of chamosite. The variety bavalite is very similar. Originally reported from Penzance - Ludgvan Area, Mount's Bay District, Cornwall, England, UK. Used by Hey (1954) in his then widely used, formal classification of chlorites, for ... |
| Klementite | A variety of thuringite (chamosite enriched in Fe3+) with Mg>Fe. |
| Pseudothuringite | An aluminous [Al-rich, Si-poor] variety of chamosite. |
| Strigovite | Fine-grained variety of chamosite from Strzegom (Striegau), Silesia. See Strigovite (of Becker and Websky) |
| Thuringite | An Fe3+-rich variety of chamosite, first reported from Reichmannsdorf, Thuringian Forest, Thuringia, Germany. Poorly constrained: Deer, Howie and Zussman (1962) list several analyses for thuringite. One, a brown specimen, has Fe3+ > Fe2+ but most are the ... |
Relationship of Chamosite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Chlorite Group:
| Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Tric. 1 |
| Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 | Mon. m : Bb |
| Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 | Mon. 2/m |
| Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 | Orth. |
| Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Tric. |
| Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Tric. 1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 270 photos of Chamosite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 91 photos of Chamosite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 85 photos of Chamosite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 74 photos of Chamosite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 68 photos of Chamosite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 59 photos of Chamosite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 59 photos of Chamosite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 40 photos of Chamosite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 32 photos of Chamosite associated with Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 31 photos of Chamosite associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | 'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg' | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'Chloroferrokinoshitalite' | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi' | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | 'Tarasovite' | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | 'Orthochamosite' | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Notes:
Slightly magnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Chamosite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-967.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Chamosite
Reference List:
Hallimond, A. F. (1939) On the relation of chamosite and daphnite to the chlorite group. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 25 (167). 441-465 doi:10.1180/minmag.1939.025.167.02
Engelhardt, Wolf v. (1942) Die Strukturen von Thuringit, Bavalit und Chamosit und ihre Stellung in der Chloritgruppe. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 104 (1-6). 142-159 doi:10.1524/zkri.1942.104.1.142
BRINDLEY, G. W. (1949) Mineralogy and Crystal Structure of Chamosite. Nature, 164 (4164). 319-320 doi:10.1038/164319b0
Brindley, G. W.; Dunham, K. C.; Eyles, V. A.; Taylor, J. H. (1951) The crystal structure of some chamosite minerals. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (212). 502-525 doi:10.1180/minmag.1951.029.212.04
Brindley, G. W., Youell, R. F. (1953) Ferrous chamosite and ferric chamosite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 30 (220) 57-70 doi:10.1180/minmag.1953.030.220.07
YOUELL, R. F. (1955) Mineralogy and Crystal Structure of Chamosite. Nature, 176 (4481). 560-561 doi:10.1038/176560b0
Whittle, C. K. (1986) Comparison of sedimentary chlorite compositions by X-ray diffraction and analytical TEM. Clay Minerals, 21 (5) 937-947 doi:10.1180/claymin.1986.021.5.07
Walker, Jeffrey R. (1992) Application of Rietveld Refinement Techniques to a Disordered IIb Mg-Chamosite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40 (3) 319-322 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1992.0400311
de Caritat, Patrice, Hutcheon, Ian, Walshe, John L. (1993) Chlorite Geothermometry: A Review. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41 (2). 219-239 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1993.0410210
Del Mar Abad-Ortega, Maria, Nieto, Fernando (1995) Extension and closure of the compositional gap between Mn- and Mg-rich chlorites toward Fe-rich compositions. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7 (2) 363-368 doi:10.1127/ejm/7/2/0363
Nieto, Fernando (1997) Chemical composition of metapelitic chlorites: X-ray diffraction and optical property approach. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9 (4) 829-842 doi:10.1127/ejm/9/4/0829
Aja, Stephen U. (2002) The stability of Fe-Mg chlorites in hydrothermal solutions: II. Thermodynamic properties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50 (5). 591-600 doi:10.1346/000986002320679323
Rivas-Sanchez, M. L., Alva-Valdivia, L. M., Arenas-Alatorre, J., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., Ruiz-Sandoval, M., Ramos-Molina, M. A. (2006) Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Peña Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico. Earth, Planets and Space, 58 (10) 1389-1400 doi:10.1186/bf03352635
Aja, Stephen, Omotoso, Oladipo, Bertoldi, Christian, Dachs, Edgar, Benisek, Artur (2015) The Structure and Thermochemistry of Three Fe-Mg Chlorites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 63 (5) 351-367 doi:10.1346/ccmn.2015.0630502
Moëlo, Yves, Fritsch, Emmanuel, Gloaguen, Eric, Rouer, Olivier (2020) Polygenic chamosite from a hydrothermalized oolitic ironstone (Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Armorican Massif, France): crystal chemistry, visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (red variety) and geochemical significance. Clay Minerals, 55 (1). 83-95 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.13
Localities for Chamosite
Showing 1,115 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| various added photos |
Algeria | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| [var: Bavalite] Guerrak et al. (1985) |
| [var: Bavalite] www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
Antarctica | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Plimer et al. (1983) |
Argentina | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| COLOMBO +2 other references |
| [var: Thuringite] Laznicka (1981) |
| Victorio Angelelli (1984) | |
| Victorio Angelelli (1984) |
| [var: Thuringite] Victorio Angelelli (1984) | |
| Victorio Angelelli (1984) |
| López de Azarevich et al. (2021) |
| Zubía et al. (2008) |
| Biel et al. (2010) |
Armenia | |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| [var: Daphnite] Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| [var: Thuringite] McQueen +2 other references |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Schellen et al. (2021) |
| Fitzherbert et al. (2017) | |
| Birch (1999) |
| Smithsonite |
| Braize et al. (2026) |
| Braize et al. (2026) | |
| Braize et al. (2026) | |
| Braize et al. (2026) | |
| Silcock (2011) |
| Paul (2010) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Schlegel et al. (2022) |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| [var: Thuringite] Updated list originally distributed by ... | |
| [var: Thuringite] Edraki et al. (2025) |
| Hong et al. (2025) |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| Bottrill (2018) | |
| Bottrill |
| R. Bottrill |
| Bottrill (2004) | |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Gole (1980) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Dana et al. (2026) |
| [var: Daphnite] Simpson (1948) |
| [var: Daphnite] | |
| [var: Daphnite] Simpson (1948) | |
| [var: Daphnite] Simpson (1948) |
| [var: Thuringite] Schreefel et al. (2025) |
| [var: Brunsvigite, var: Daphnite] Du Puy (2003) |
Austria | |
| [var: Thuringite] Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| [var: Bavalite] Meixner (1978) +1 other reference |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| [var: Thuringite] Zepharovich (1877) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Brandstätter F. et al. (2015) |
| Described on an info shield at the ... |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Kolitsch (2025) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Löffler et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| C.Auer (2025) |
| Niedermayr (2000) |
| Martin Gruell |
| Lapis 2006-6 | |
| JoEsche specimen |
| Kolitsch (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Auer (2020) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Auer (2025) |
| Taucher et al. (2015) |
| C. Auer (2023) |
| Auer (2025) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Annalen 1999 |
| Annalen 1999 |
| Spötl (1992) |
| Gerd Stefanik |
| R. Dallinger & J. Gufler (2006) |
| [var: Bavalite, var: Thuringite] Schulz (1984) |
| Horninger (1936) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Azerbaijan | |
| [var: Thuringite] Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Belgium | |
| Richard de Nul collection |
| José Dehove collection. +3 other references |
| Harjo Neutkens collection. |
| Harjo Neutkens collection. | |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Bolivia | |
| Artiaga et al. (2013) |
| Cacho et al. (2015) |
| Cacho et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| de Oliveira et al. (2003) |
| Lopes et al. (2024) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| Baijot et al. (2014) |
| Baijot et al. (2012) |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Horváth | |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| NetunoVillas et al. (2001) |
| Klein et al. (2001) |
| Vale SA |
| Tazava (1999) +1 other reference |
| Pereira et al. (2021) |
Bulgaria | |
| [var: Thuringite] Tarkian et al. (1989) |
| Szopa +9 other references |
| Damyanov (1998) +2 other references |
Burkina Faso | |
| Fontaine et al. (2017) |
Cambodia | |
| Piilonen et al. (2023) |
Cameroon | |
| Anderson et al. (2014) |
| Kelvin F.E. Anderson et al. (2014) | |
Canada | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection ... +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Garagan (2014) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Olivo et al. (2004) |
| Paul (1984) |
| Bernier (1990) | |
| Grand Manan Museum |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Cabri et al. (2007) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| C. Klein +2 other references |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) |
| Sheard (2010) +1 other reference |
| Robertson (1976) |
| [var: Daphnite] Kidd Operations |
| Pouliot et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Piilonen et al. (2024) |
| Kowalski et al. (2018) |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| [var: Daphnite] Galley et al. (2000) |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2006) |
| Carl M. Lesher (1978) |
| Klein et al. (1976) | |
| |
| Jean-Yves LAMOUREUX | |
| Normand (2001) +1 other reference |
| Girard (1971) |
| Martin +1 other reference |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Modris Baum collection - Joy Desor ... |
| Tavchandjian (1992) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Dupuis et al. (2013) |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) |
| Boulogne et al. (2026) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Denisová et al. (2023) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) | |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
Chile | |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection. Analyzed via ... |
| Lohmeier et al. (2025) | |
| Piquer et al. (2023) |
China | |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| Jun Xiao et al. (2009) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Yang et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] |
| |
| [var: Daphnite] Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Heping Sun and Curtis (1988) |
| Luo et al. (2026) | |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Guoxiang Chi (1992) |
| Luo et al. (2023) |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Kehua Yin (2009) | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Tian et al. (2025) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zhen et al. (2024) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| [var: Brunsvigite, var: Thuringite] Youli Feng et al. (2006) |
| Lu et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Lu et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Lu J et al. (2014) |
| microprobe analysis by Bart Cannon. +1 other reference |
| [var: Brunsvigite, var: Daphnite] 郭飞 et al. (2018) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Wang et al. (2026) |
| Ottens et al. (2012) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2026) |
| Yao +6 other references |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Sun et al. (2025) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Weixing Zhang et al. (2007) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Jianguo He et al. (2008) |
| Wu et al. (2019) |
| Jin Zhangdong et al. (2001) |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Wang et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Letian Du and Wenguang Wang (2012) |
| Guijia Zhang et al. (1991) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| [var: Daphnite] Jinchu Zhu and Fusheng Zhang (1987) |
| Silei Sun et al. (2012) |
| Zhang et al. (2021) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Zhi Zhang et al. (2013) |
| [var: Daphnite] Qiu et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Xu et al. (2009) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Zu et al. (2020) |
| Cheng et al. (2024) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Wang et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Hua Huang et al. (2014) |
| Fan Yang et al. (2011) |
| [var: Thuringite] Dong Xu et al. (2011) |
| Zheng et al. (2017) |
| [var: Brunsvigite, var: Pseudothuringite] Zhen Liao et al. (2010) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Bian et al. (2026) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Letian Du and Wenguang Wang (2012) |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Cuba | |
| Aiglsperger et al. (Eastern Cuban Ophiolites) |
Czech Republic | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) | |
| [Orthochamosite] Am Min 43 (1958) |
| Filip et al. (2006) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2024) |
| [var: Antimonian Zincian Plumboan Chamosite] Dolníček et al. (2023) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2024) | |
| Kohout et al. (1995) |
| Jan Hloušek |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Fojt |
| Fojt B. (2013) |
| [var: Thuringite] Fojt | |
| [var: Thuringite] Kruťa (1949) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Kruťa (1949) | |
| Matýsek et al. (2018) |
| Kučera et al. (2007) |
| Kropáč et al. (2024) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Novotný |
| Novotný |
| [var: Thuringite] Zimák et al. (2005) |
| [var: Thuringite] Duda | |
| Zimák (Czech Massif) |
| [var: Thuringite] Novotný |
| [var: Thuringite] Novotný |
| Mücke et al. (2006) |
| Pauliš +5 other references |
| Litochleb +5 other references |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) | |
| Houzar |
| Víšková E. et al. (2013) |
| DOLNÍČEK et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thuringite] Houzar S.: Minerální asociace ... |
| [var: Daphnite] King (n.d.) |
| [var: Thuringite] Houzar +5 other references | |
Dominican Republic | |
| [var: Daphnite] Krebs et al. (2008) |
Ecuador | |
| Manrique et al. (2018) |
Egypt | |
| Tosson et al. (1974) |
| Abdelnasser et al. (2017) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Elsagheer et al. (2025) |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Rout et al. (2025) | |
Finland | |
| Mutanen |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Jyrki Autio collection. Pavel M. ... |
| Cook et al. (2011) |
| Cook et al. (2011) | |
France | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] P.G. Pelisson : "Etude Mineralogique et ... |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Pélisson (1989) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Pélisson (1989) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Pélisson (1989) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] P.G. Pelisson : "Etude Mineralogique et ... |
| Bruno Ducluzaux Collection |
| Yannick Vessely Collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2011) |
| [var: Bavalite] | |
| |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| [var: Daphnite, var: Pseudothuringite] Cluzel et al. (2024) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Bernard BARRIERE |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Zahm (1987) |
| Barber (1985) |
| André MELLE collection - Georges ... |
| Moëo et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Grelaud et al. (2001) |
| Beaufort et al. (1985) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| André MELLE collection - Nicolas ... |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Habel (2007) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| [var: Thuringite] Müller (1984) |
| von Gehlen et al. (1956) |
| [var: Thuringite] web.archive.org (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Harder (1954) |
| Harder (1954) |
| Harder (1954) |
| |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Gröbner et al. (2019) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
| [var: Thuringite] Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Schaarschmidt (2014) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schaarschmidt (2003) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Sandmann et al. (2015) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Möhn et al. (08/2020) |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Martin et al. (2023) |
| Meyer et al. (2024) |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| Knoll (2009) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| [var: Thuringite] |
| www.tlug-jena.de (2007) |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SEM-EDS analyses, to be published) |
| Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results) |
| Kalatha et al. (2017) |
| Laskou et al. (2007) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Ch. Spirom. & Greekrocks.com |
| King (n.d.) | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Kevrekidis et al. (2024) |
| Gilbert Gauthier specimen |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| Choudhury et al. (2023) |
| Sinha et al. (2018) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Sati et al. (2025) |
| Das et al. (2024) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Rout et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Handoko et al. (2025) |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
| Imawan et al. (2024) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Ahmadnejad et al. (2017) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Karimpour et al. (2005) |
Iraq | |
| Yassin (1995) |
Ireland | |
| Dr Stephen Moreton collection. |
| S. Moreton |
Italy | |
| Luigi Chiappino |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Simboli et al. (2000) |
| [var: Daphnite] Sanità et al. (2024) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2007) |
| EDX analysis |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Guastoni et al. (2017) |
| Guastoni et al. (2017) | |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bruno Marello find & collection | |
| Giuseppe Finello analytical data (SEM-EDS) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Franco Luca Bonino's collection | |
| |
| Ciriotti et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Artioli et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Lovisato (1913) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| Stara et al. (1991) |
| Naitza et al. (2017) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Cocco et al. (2022) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Venzo et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| LIBVRNA N°3 december 2021. |
| Benvenuti et al. (1993) |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Atti della giornata di Studio – ... |
Japan | |
| [var: Thuringite] - (n.d.) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Endo (2008) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Endo (2007) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Watanabe J and Hasegawa K (1986) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| [var: Thuringite] Seki et al. (1957) |
| Minakawa et al (2002) |
| Deer (inosilicates vol.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Masaharu NAKAGAWA (2001) |
| Ohnishi et al. (2013) |
| Nakamura et al. (1973) |
| [var: Thuringite] University of Tokyo collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Nagashima et al. (2016) |
Kazakhstan | |
| various added photos |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2021) |
Libya | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
Luxembourg | |
| www.mnhn.lu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Mali | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Randgold Resources | |
| C. Gineste |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| ArcelorMittal |
| Loucks et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Canet et al. (2011) |
| Brian Cowger |
| Canet et al. (2009) |
Middle East | |
| [var: Thuringite] Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Sarangua (2019) |
Morocco | |
| De Ascenção Guedes (2023) |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
Namibia | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Steven et al. (1994) |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Cairncross et al. (2012) |
Netherlands | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
New Zealand | |
| Coombs et al. (2000) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Happy et al. (1970) |
Nigeria | |
| Mücke et al. (2015) |
North Macedonia | |
| Spasovski et al. (2009) |
| Spasovski et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| Breivik et al. (2010) |
| [var: Thuringite] Berg (1994) |
| Johnsen (1986) |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Husdal (2020) |
| Husdal (2023) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
| Tony Nikischer specimen |
| Larsen et al. (2020) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Burvald (1993) |
| Larsen et al. (2020) |
| Larsen et al. (2022) |
| [var: Thuringite] |
| Larsen (2015) |
| Andersen (1993) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Nordrum (2012) |
| Berge (1993) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge et al. (2002) | |
Oman | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Miyashita et al. (2016) |
Pakistan | |
| www.mindat.org (2013) |
| King (n.d.) |
| imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Baldwin et al. (2021) |
Peru | |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| [var: Daphnite] Mlynarczyk (2005) |
Poland | |
| [var: Chromium-bearing Chamosite] Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data +1 other reference |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Gil et al. (2022) |
| Pieczka et al. (2018) |
| Tomas Praszkier |
| King (n.d.) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Uzarowic et al. (2012) |
| [var: Thuringite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| Dariusz Jończy collection |
| Szełęg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Sęk (2018) |
| Mil et al. (2026) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Gil et al. (2019) |
| [var: Thuringite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thuringite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thuringite] Lis et al. (1986) | |
| [var: Strigovite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Dana et al. (1892) | |
| [var: Strigovite] Lis et al. (1986) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| [var: Strigovite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Ivan A. Novikov | |
| SpiriferMinerrals | |
| SpiriferMinerals | |
| SpiriferMinerals | |
| Tomas Praszkier | |
| E. Szeleg | |
| SpiriferMinerals | |
| SpiriferMinerals | |
| SpiriferMinerals | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Sachanbiński et al. (2000) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Lundin Mining |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| various correctly added photos |
| [var: Brunsvigite] International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Alves et al. (2012) |
| Leal et al. (2022) |
| Rui Nunes 2012 |
| Figueiras +3 other references | |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
| Leal Gomes et al. (2009) |
| [var: Daphnite] Fuertes-Fuente et al. (2011) |
| [var: Daphnite] Bobos et al. (2021) |
Romania | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2004) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
Russia | |
| Rudmin +8 other references |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) |
| [var: Daphnite] Plotinskaya et al. (2020) |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Попова et al. (2019) | |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2019) | |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2021) |
| Nikolaev et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Kalko et al. (2014) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Alekseev (2025) |
| Nevstruev et al. (2019) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) |
| Rudmin et al. (Western Siberia) |
| - (2016) +1 other reference |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Burlakov (1999) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| [var: Chlorine-bearing Chamosite] Barkov et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Tsekhovskii et al. (2002) |
| [var: Thuringite] www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| ... | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Tatiana A. Gornostaeva analytical data |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2019) |
| Jahn (2004) |
| Ivanov +1 other reference |
| Gorelikova et al. (2008) |
| [var: Daphnite, var: Thuringite] Semenov et al. (2008) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
| Anisimova et al. (2025) |
| Sharygin (2020) |
| Pavlushin et al. (2025) |
| Okrugin et al. (2023) | |
| Gurzhiy et al. (2025) |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Belogub et al. (2026) |
| Mikhailov (2000) +1 other reference |
| Stepanov et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| [var: Pseudothuringite] Shabutdinov et al. (2024) | |
| Рудмин |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2017) |
| Sergeevich et al. (2019) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] El-shafei et al. (2020) |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliš |
| Ozdín D. | |
| Pauliš | |
| Kozák J. et al. (2017) |
| Ozdín D. (Dissertation thesis) |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (2014) |
| King (n.d.) |
| [var: Thuringite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thuringite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thuringite] Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Konečný et al. (2011) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Vlasáč et al. (2024) |
| Pauliš |
| Ružička P. et al. (2017) |
| Rojkovič (2001) +1 other reference |
| Rojkovič (2001) +1 other reference |
| Ozdín D. | |
| Uher P. et al. (2018) |
| Yáñez et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Ozdín D. et al. (in Slovak) +1 other reference |
| Ozdín D. |
| [var: Daphnite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| |
| Gawęda et al. (2016) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (2008) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| [var: Thuringite] Kinosaki (1941) |
| Yoo et al. (2010) |
Spain | |
| B. Goffé et al. |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Del Mar Abad-Ortega et al. (1995) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Ruiz et al. (2002) |
| Leistel et al. (1997) |
| Mesa et al. (2002) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Mapa geologico y minero de Castilla y Leon. SIEMCALSA (Sociedad de Investigación y Explotación Minera de Castilla y León, S.A) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) | |
| Fernández et al. (1998) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) |
| Fernández et al. (1998) | |
| Fernández et al. (1998) | |
| Edith Trybalski |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) | |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) | |
| González del Tánago et al. (2008) | |
| Cepedal et al. (2024) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
| Fernando Gascón collection |
| Manteca (2013) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Joan Rosell |
Sweden | |
| Makvandi et al. (2024) |
| Fullerton (2014) |
| Valentin Alain (2014) |
| Denisová (2013) |
| [Orthochamosite] Excalibur Mineral Company specimen. Jeff Weissman Photo (146569) |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) |
Switzerland | |
| [Orthochamosite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| [Orthochamosite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Doswald C. |
| Doswald C. |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Engel et al. (1978) |
| [Orthochamosite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Jordi Fabre specimen |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Berthier (1820) +1 other reference |
| Christian Bracke |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Phillip Betancourt |
Tajikistan | |
| Litvinenko +8 other references |
Turkey | |
| Celebi et al. (2010) | |
| Yildirim (2022) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Sasmaz et al. (2025) |
| Erik vercammen finds and collection |
UK | |
| [var: Daphnite] Dines (1956) |
| [var: Daphnite] Dines (1956) |
| [var: Daphnite] Griffiths (n.d.) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| [var: Daphnite] Dines (1956) |
| [var: Daphnite] Dines (1956) |
| [var: Daphnite] |
| [var: Daphnite] www.dakotamatrix.com (2014) |
| Grey et al. (2015) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Hollingworth et al. (1950) |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| Birtel et al. (2013) |
| Dr Stephen Moreton collection. |
| Embrey (1978) |
| Green et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Matthews and Scoon (1964) |
| |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| Chamosite confirmed by XRD at the ... |
| National Museum of Wales collection | |
| Render (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Sośnicka et al. (2026) |
| Dudar et al. (2018) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027285 +1 other reference |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Collected by Mr. Eckhard Stuart |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Anderson (1958) |
| [var: Brunsvigite, var: Thuringite] Anderson (1958) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thuringite] Anderson (1958) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Howard (2007) | |
| H. Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp134-137 |
| Phillip Betancourt |
| Phillip Betancourt |
| Phillip Betancourt |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Thuringite] Rocks & Min.: 24:235. |
| Kucera (2021) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [var: Thuringite] U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| [var: Thuringite] U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| [var: Thuringite] U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Ven King |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) |
| Williams et al. (1900) |
| Boucot et al. (1964) | |
| Williams et al. (1900) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| [var: Daphnite] Pavlides et al. (1962) |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) |
| [var: Daphnite] Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| [var: Daphnite] Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| P. Cristofono collection (SEM-EDS analysis, 2009) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Wiebe et al. (1997) |
| Vandall King |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (2009) |
| King (2009) | |
| Found during 2021 study of Ryerson Hill ... +1 other reference |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King (n.d.) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| [var: Thuringite] Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Carlson et al. (2017) |
| [var: Thuringite] Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Dave Maietta |
| Mineralogy of Michigan |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rosemeyer (1996) |
| Paul T. Brandes |
| Rosemeyer (2022) | |
| Larry Maltby |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| [Orthochamosite] Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Tutolo et al. (2019) | |
| Edith Trybalski |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Mitchell (2000) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thuringite] Rocks & Min.: 16:243 |
| [var: Thuringite] Rocks & Min.: 16:243 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Scott Whittemore |
| |
| Janules (Micromounters of NE Newsletter, 4/ 2005) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| A. Plante collection +3 other references |
| Smith (2005) |
| [var: Thuringite] Meyers et al. (1956) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Smith (2005) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Imbriacco (2009) |
| Maertens (2007) |
| King |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| American Museum of Natural History ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [var: Thuringite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... | |
| [var: Thuringite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Thuringite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... |
| [var: Thuringite] Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Richards et al. (2000) |
| [var: Daphnite] Yale Peabody Museum |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 2291 |
| Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2013) |
| Steve Chamberlain et al (2009) | |
| Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew | |
| [var: Thuringite] Genth (1891) |
| Housley (2022) |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Michael Kieron collection |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Speer (1987) |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Speer (1987) | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Speer (1987) | |
| [var: Brunsvigite] Speer et al. (1981) |
| King (n.d.) |
| van Horn |
| Smith (2004) |
| Rocks & Min. 71 (4) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| [var: Thuringite] Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Minerals 84:352-362. |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| [var: Daphnite] Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks and Minerals +1 other reference |
| Gladwell (2022) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| [var: Thuringite] Roberts et al. (1974) |
| [var: Thuringite] Cordua (1998) |
| USGS | |
| Buchholz et al. (1998) |
| Moore (2001) |
Zambia | |
| Simusokwe (2021) |
Mars | |
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