Nontronite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Nontronite
Nontron, France
Formula:
Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Colour:
Green, olive-green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, brown
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.2 - 2.3
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1827 by Pierre Berthier for the type locality thought to be at Nontron, Dordogne, France. Actually, the type locality is at Le Manderau, Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, not far from Nontron. Originally named "chloropal" in 1822 by Dr. Johann Jakob Bernhardi and Dr. Rudolph Brandes for chlor- and opal suggesting it was a green waxy mineral somewhat resembling common opal.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2924
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2924:3
IMA Classification of Nontronite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Na0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O
Classification of Nontronite
9.EC.40
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1a.3
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
16.18.1
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
18 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
18 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Non | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Non | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Nontronite
Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green, olive-green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, brown
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Fracture:
Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
2.2 - 2.3 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Nontronite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.567 - 1.600 nβ = 1.604 - 1.632 nγ = 1.605 - 1.643
2V:
Measured: 25° to 68°, Calculated: 32° to 46°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.038 - 0.043
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Chemistry of Nontronite
Mindat Formula:
Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Nontronite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.24(1) Å, b = 9.11(1) Å, c = 15.3(5) Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.575 : 1 : 1.679
Unit Cell V:
730.37 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Rarely as small bladed crystals, radial or reticulated, spherulitic; commonly cryptocrystalline, claylike, massive.
Comment:
Z = n.d.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007181 | Nontronite | Dainyak L G, Zviagina B B, Rusakov V S, Drits V A (2006) Interpretation of the nontonite-dehydroxylate Mossbauer spectrum using EFG calculations European Journal of Mineralogy 18 753-764 | 2006 | Garfield, Washington, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007180 | Nontronite | Dainyak L G, Zviagina B B, Rusakov V S, Drits V A (2006) Interpretation of the nontonite-dehydroxylate Mossbauer spectrum using EFG calculations European Journal of Mineralogy 18 753-764 | 2006 | Garfield, Washington, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008146 | Nontronite | Manceau A, Chateigner D, Gates W P (1998) Polarized EXAFS, distance-valence least-squares modelling (DVLS), and quantitative texture analysis approaches to the structural refinement of Garfield nontronite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25 347-365 | 1998 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.4 Å | (vs) |
| 4.56 Å | (vs) |
| 2.64 Å | (vs) |
| 2.56 Å | (vs) |
| 1.52 Å | (vs) |
| 2.43 Å | (s) |
| 1.72 Å | (s) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| 17 : Marine authigenic Hadean minerals (see also #24) |
Type Occurrence of Nontronite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 89645.
Synonyms of Nontronite
Other Language Names for Nontronite
Varieties of Nontronite
| Aluminian nontronite | |
| Chrome-Nontronite | A chromian Nontronite |
Relationship of Nontronite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Smectite Group:
| Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O | Hex. |
| Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. |
| Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
| Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 37 photos of Nontronite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 30 photos of Nontronite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 27 photos of Nontronite associated with Chabazite | |
| 25 photos of Nontronite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 16 photos of Nontronite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 14 photos of Nontronite associated with 'Chalcedony' | SiO2 |
| 12 photos of Nontronite associated with Hollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 11 photos of Nontronite associated with Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O |
| 9 photos of Nontronite associated with Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9 photos of Nontronite associated with Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | 'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg' | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'Chloroferrokinoshitalite' | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi' | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | 'Tarasovite' | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | 'Orthochamosite' | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Nontronite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2924.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Nontronite
Reference List:
Schneiderhöhn, Paula (1965) Nontronit vom Hohen Hagen und Chloropal vom Meenser Steinberg bei Göttingen. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 10 (1-4). p.385-399. doi:10.1007/bf01128642
Goodman, B. A. (1976) A Mössbauer and I.R. Spectroscopic Study of the Structure of Nontronite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 24 (2). 53-59 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1976.0240201
MacKenzie, K.J.D.; Rogers, D.E. (1977) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicate: I. Nontronite. Thermochimica Acta, 18. 177-196 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(77)80018-x
Russell, J. D., Clark, D. R. (1978) The effect of Fe-for-Si substitution on the b-dimension of nontronite. Clay Minerals, 13 (2) 133-137 doi:10.1180/claymin.1978.013.2.01
Goodman, B. A. (1978) The Mössbauer Spectra of Nontronites: Consideration of an Alternative Assignment. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26 (2) 176-177 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1978.0260215
Russell, J. D., Clark, D. R. (1978) The effect of Fe-for-Si substitution on the b-dimension of nontronite. Clay Minerals, 13 (2) 133-137 doi:10.1180/claymin.1978.013.2.01
Russell, J. D. (1979) An infrared spectroscopic study of the interaction of nontronite and ferruginous montmorillonites with alkali metal hydroxides. Clay Minerals, 14 (2) 127-137 doi:10.1180/claymin.1979.014.2.05
Besson, G., Bookin, A. S., Dainyak, L. G., Rautureau, M., Tsipursky, S. I., Tchoubar, C., Drits, V. A. (1983) Use of diffraction and Mössbauer methods for the structural and crystallochemical characterization of nontronites. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 16 (4) 374-383 doi:10.1107/s0021889883010651
Daynyak, Lydia G. (1987) Interpretation of Mössbauer Spectra of Nontronite, Celadonite, and Glauconite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (5) 363-372 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350506
Sherman, David M., Vergo, Norma (1988) Optical (diffuse reflectance) and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of nontronite and related Fe-bearing smectites. American Mineralogist, 73 (11-12) 1346-1354
Lear, Paul R. (1988) Mössbauer Spectroscopic Identification of Iron Oxides in Nontronite from Hohen Hagen, Federal Republic of Germany. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36 (4) 376-378 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360414
Lear, P. R., Stucki, J. W. (1990) Magnetic properties and site occupancy of iron in nontronite. Clay Minerals, 25 (1) 3-13 doi:10.1180/claymin.1990.025.1.02
Murad, E., Cashion, J. D., Brown, L. J. (1990) Magnetic ordering in Garfield nontronite under applied magnetic fields. Clay Minerals, 25 (3) 261-269 doi:10.1180/claymin.1990.025.3.02
Grauby, Olivier, Petit, Sabine, Decarreau, Alain, Baronnet, Alain (1994) The nontronite-saponite series: An experimental approach. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (1) 99-112 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/1/0099
Köster, H. M., Ehrlicher, U., Gilg, H. A., Jordan, R., Murad, E., Onnich, K. (1999) Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of five nontronites and Fe-rich smectites. Clay Minerals, 34 (4) 579-599 doi:10.1180/000985599546460
Manceau, A., Lanson, B., Drits, V.A., Chateigner, D., Gates, W.P., Wu, J., Huo, D., Stucki, J.W. (2000) Oxidation-reduction mechanism of iron in dioctahedral smectites: I. Crystal chemistry of oxidized reference nontronites. American Mineralogist, 85 (1) 133-152 doi:10.2138/am-2000-0114
Dainyak, Lidia G., Zviagina, Bella B., Rusakov, Viacheslav S., Drits, Victor A. (2006) Interpretation of the nontronite-dehydroxylate Mossbauer spectrum using EFG calculations. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (6) 753-764 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0753
Gailhanou, H., Blanc, P., Rogez, J., Mikaelian, G., Horiuchi, K., Yamamura, Y., Saito, K., Kawaji, H., Warmont, F., Greneche, J.-M., Vieillard, P., Fialips, C. I., Giffaut, E., Gaucher, E. C. (2013) Thermodynamic properties of saponite, nontronite, and vermiculite derived from calorimetric measurements. American Mineralogist, 98 (10) 1834-1847 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4344
Kułacz, Karol, Orzechowski, Kazimierz (2019) Nontronite and intercalated nontronite as effective and cheap absorbers of electromagnetic radiation. Dalton Transactions, 48 (12). 3874-3882 doi:10.1039/c9dt00132h
Baumgartner, Raphael J., Cuadros, Javier, Michalski, Joseph, Pejcic, Bobby, Laukamp, Carsten, Hu, Siyu, Bourdet, Julien (2022) Chemistry-dependent Raman spectral features of glauconite and nontronite: Implications for mineral identification and provenance analysis. American Mineralogist, 107 (6) 1080-1090 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8044
Localities for Nontronite
Showing 615 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Petersen et al. (2004) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2008) |
| Gablina et al. (2006) | |
| Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997) | |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Sergienko et al. (2024) | |
| Bonatti et al. (1976) | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2008) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2008) | |
| Milinovic +6 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Gorter et al. (2002) |
| Mulholland (1984) |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| England et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| England (1984) |
| England (1987) |
| Graham et al. (2002) |
| Robertson (1959) |
| Miningdataonline |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lehrmann (2012) | |
| Edraki et al. (2025) |
| Eggleton |
| Sutherland |
| |
| Keeling (2017) |
| Keeling (2000) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Francis (2010) |
| Francis (2010) | |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Ralph S Bottrill Collection |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Sutherland et al. (1967) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Taheri |
| Anderson (1984) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| |
| Grguric et al. (2009) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1939 25 : 373-387 |
| Moeskops et al. (1977) |
| tngltd.com.au (2011) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 32 (1994) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Gibson (1906) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Ravensgate Mineral Industry Consultants (2007) |
| Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit +2 other references | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Lintern (1998) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Heron Resources Ltd (2008) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Francesco et al. (2019) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1928) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Pirajno et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Zirkl (1964) +1 other reference |
| Piso (1970) |
| Piso (1970) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Mayrhofer (1935) +1 other reference |
| Zirkl (1961) +1 other reference |
| Götzinger (2008) | |
| Becke (1917) |
| Carinthia II (2006) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Taucher et al. (1998) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Botswana | |
| Glanville et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| F. Zaccarini (2006) |
| Atencio et al. (2004) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne (1983) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1994) |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959) |
| Dybowska et al. (2022) |
| Costa et al. (2016) |
| Rock Currier specimens |
Bulgaria | |
| Bonev (1993) |
Cameroon | |
| Lambert et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| Petruk et al. (1977) |
| Piilonen et al. (2025) |
| King (n.d.) |
| GSC locality database +1 other reference |
| Piilonen et al. (2024) |
| CLÉMENT |
| Horváth et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and ... |
China | |
| Gongsheng Yan (1987) |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Yan Sun et al. (2009) |
| |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
Colombia | |
| Castrillón et al. (2023) |
Cuba | |
| T. Gallardo et al. (2010) |
| Lazarenkov et al. (2005) |
Cyprus | |
| Antivachis (2015) |
| Adamides (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2003) |
| Jan Hloušek |
| Adam Bartnik specimen |
| Kruťa |
| Fengl (2.) |
| Venclík V. (2018) | |
| M. Koubov (2001) |
| Pelíšek (1979) |
| Houzar |
| Gramblička R. (2014) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Houzar |
| Trnka M (1982) |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) | |
| Staněk (1997) | |
| Pelíšek | |
DR Congo | |
| King (n.d.) |
Ecuador | |
| Lubetkin et al. (2018) |
Egypt | |
| Tosson et al. (1974) |
El Salvador | |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Finland | |
| Chukanov et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Anthony Geneyton |
| Gonnard F. (1906) | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection +1 other reference |
| Pelleter et al. (2017) |
| Renac et al. (2010) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Cathelineau et al. (2023) |
| |
| Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species 2004 (as "Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière") +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet Collection |
Georgia | |
| M. et al. (2019) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Habel (2001) |
| Habel (2000) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Obermüller (1992) |
| Lorenz (2004) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Hirschmann (1987) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| [var: Chrome-Nontronite] Weiß (1990) |
| Keck (2010) |
| Goodman (1978) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Stephan Koch photo |
| Goodman (1976) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schneiderhöhn (1965) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Köster (1960) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Witzke et al. (2012) |
| Mineralienatlas.de |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Jahn (1999) |
| www.geologica-saxonica.de (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
| |
Greenland | |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Zajzon N et al. (20014) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll: Topographia Mineralogica ... |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Locality |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| |
| |
| geomania.hu (2013) | |
| GEODA |
| GEODA/1997 | |
| GEODA 2004 |
| Koch (1985) |
| Polgári et al. (2013) |
Iceland | |
| JAKOBSSON et al. (1986) +2 other references |
India | |
| Shukla et al. (2021) |
| Sarkar et al. (2013) |
| Bill Wise XRD | |
| Jewel Tunnel specimens (not x-rayed) +1 other reference |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
| Linsy et al. (2023) |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Bambang Nugroho et al. (2024) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Iran | |
| Abedini et al. (2016) |
Ireland | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Ventruti et al. (2020) |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| |
| Dill (1979) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Dekov et al. (2007) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Allou (2006) |
| Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005) | |
| Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005) | |
Japan | |
| Masaaki Shimizu and J. Toshimichi Iiyama (1982) |
| Atsushi ISHIHARA |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ishibashi (1974) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Korobkin et al. (2022) | |
| Korobkin et al. (2022) | |
| Korobkin et al. (2022) | |
| Jermolenko (2002) |
Kenya | |
| Pohl et al. (1979) |
| Pohl et al. (1979) | |
Kosovo | |
| Mineral deposits and mining districts ... +2 other references |
| Mineral deposits and mining districts ... |
| Cunico Resources |
Madagascar | |
| Collection Collection Musée National ... |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Besaire (1961) |
| Behier (1963) | |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Minera Autlan |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Ed Coogan (Coogan Gold Co.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| MacDonald et al. (2024) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| S. J. Mills |
| Cody et al. (1981) |
| A. G. Reyes et al. (2004) |
| Judy Rowe specimen |
| Singh (2015) |
| Rae (2007) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Norway | |
| Ihlen (1986) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| Kristiansen (2009) |
Oman | |
| |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Sagalevich et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Skowronek et al. (2021) |
| ... +1 other reference | |
| Astakhov et al. (2006) |
| Lisitsyn et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Zhigang Zeng et al. (12) |
| Pichler et al. (1999) |
Peru | |
| O'Connor et al. (2018) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Körber et al. (2005) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Pieczka et al. (2013) |
| Kuhn et al. (1918) |
| Szopa et al. (2015) |
Portugal | |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Rudmin et al. (2022) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Koeberl et al. (2013) |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Alekseev (2025) | |
| Rudmin et al. (Western Siberia) |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| ... | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Mikhail Uchitel' data |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Glasby et al. (2006) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Свиблов et al. (2009) | |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Vavrová J. et al. (Pinciná, Slovakia) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Timko M. et al. (2025) |
| Matúš Škutka | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Matúš Škutka specimen |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et all. | |
| Duda et. all. |
| Duda et all. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Duda et all. | |
South Africa | |
| Glass (2006) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| So et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Dr. Joan Viñals |
| Joan Rosell - Soledad Álvarez - Jordi Ibáñez (2021) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
Sudan | |
| Suliman et al. (2025) |
Sweden | |
| Bergeat (1914) |
| c1997 +1 other reference |
| Persson (1999) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| M. Delaloye (1966) |
| |
| Andermatt (2010) |
Taiwan | |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
Tonga | |
| Stackelberg et al. (1990) |
Turkey | |
| Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013) |
| Masurenko et al. (2007) |
| Paolillo et al. (2022) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection |
| Collins (1877) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Stephen (1954) +2 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Golubovskaya (2001) |
| Museum Victoria (Australia) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| www.caves.org +1 other reference | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027327 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Schwartz (1947) +3 other references |
| Moolick et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Gilluly (1937) +1 other reference |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Gilluly (1946) | |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Schwartz (1952) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Jerry A. Baird photo of specimen now in ... | |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
| Erickson +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Adams (2003) |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History ... |
| Hess (1922) +1 other reference |
| griffithite +3 other references |
| Fred DeVito collection |
| [… (abstract) +2 other references |
| 767 pp.: 129 +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Lemmon (1941b) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Hanks (1886) +1 other reference |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +3 other references |
| DeVito et al. (1984) |
| Richmond (1939) +2 other references |
| Weber (1963) |
| Foord et al. (1986) |
| Schlocker (1974) +2 other references |
| Hampson (2004) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| C.R. Carnein collection +1 other reference |
| C.R. Carnein collection | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:4 |
| Wilson (1988) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:5 pp316-324 |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Milton (1977) | |
| Bishop et al. (2024) |
| Fujishima et al. (1977) |
| White (1984) | |
| Dunham (1933) | |
| Dunham (1933) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Am Min 44:1082-1086 |
| |
| King (2009) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens | |
| Vandall King |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Vandall King |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| American Mineralogist (1940) |
| USGS Prof Paper 407 |
| Schmidt (1963) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Gnanou (2018) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| - (2005) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +2 other references |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (1958) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Leavitt et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Jackson et al. (2007) |
| - (2005) |
| Belkis Mineral Co. Arizona | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mankins (2022) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USBM IC-6902 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| AmMin 12:307-319 |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| Maertens (2007) |
| Cummings |
| Dunn (1995) +1 other reference |
| Jack Baum |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1930) |
| Excalibur Mineral Company specimen |
| King (n.d.) |
| Anthony | |
| Leybourne et al. (2026) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| King (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Stewart et al. (1966) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 | |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 |
| Alexander Wong Collection |
| New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral ... |
| Gordon (1922) |
| |
| Tom Loomis |
| Smith (1991) |
| November 1964 +4 other references |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wilson (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Mitchell et al. (1988) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| www.VaRockHound.com |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Glass et al. (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| T Douglas Schonewald Collection |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Karl Volkman specimen. |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 68:167 +1 other reference |
Vanuatu | |
| Iizasa et al. (1998) | |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
Mars | |
| Several papers on: Science Express |
| Gornitz (2008) |
| Vivien Gornitz (2005) +1 other reference |
| Gurgurewicz J. (Valles Marineris, Mars) |
Quick NavTopAbout NontroniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Iron Monarch Main Pit, Iron Knob, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia