Pimelite
A discredited species name
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About Pimelite
Formula:
Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O
Colour:
Bright green, apple green, yellow-green
Lustre:
Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.23 - 2.98
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten in 1800 for the Greek word for "fat", in allusion to the mineral's appearance.
First Recorded Locality:
Dark grass to forest-green clay mineral.
Pimelite was determined to be a smectite as early as 1938 [also American Mineralogist 51:279 [1966]. Later erroneously ascribed to nickel-rich talc (American Mineralogist 64:615 [1979]). Both nickel-bearing talc, intermediate nickeloan nontronite, and nickel dominant smectite (Pimelite) occur at the type locality. A re-validation research project has begun.
Often thought to be a colouring agent in chrysoprase, but probably rarely present in that material.
Pimelite apparently constitutes part of the mixtures called garnierite or noumeite, and it could form a series with stevensite or saponite.[3]
Pimelite was determined to be a smectite as early as 1938 [also American Mineralogist 51:279 [1966]. Later erroneously ascribed to nickel-rich talc (American Mineralogist 64:615 [1979]). Both nickel-bearing talc, intermediate nickeloan nontronite, and nickel dominant smectite (Pimelite) occur at the type locality. A re-validation research project has begun.
Often thought to be a colouring agent in chrysoprase, but probably rarely present in that material.
Pimelite apparently constitutes part of the mixtures called garnierite or noumeite, and it could form a series with stevensite or saponite.[3]
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
7236
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:7236:2
Similar Names
| Dimelite | A rock subtype |
| Eimelite | A synonym of 'Cimolite' |
IMA Classification of Pimelite
Discredited
Approval history:
Discredited by IMA in 2006 (IMA 06–C) = probably willemseite or kerolite (note: pimelite has historical precedence), cf. Burke (2006).
Classification of Pimelite
9.EC.22
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1b.5
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
Physical Properties of Pimelite
Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Bright green, apple green, yellow-green
Streak:
White to pale green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Waxy
Cleavage:
Perfect
[0001]
[0001]
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.23 - 2.98 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.68 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pimelite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.592 nγ = 1.615
2V:
Measured: 30° to 80°
Birefringence:
0.014-0.025
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
Can appear isotropic
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Pale green colorless to light yellow green
Chemistry of Pimelite
Mindat Formula:
Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Pimelite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.256 Å, c = 14.822 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.82
Unit Cell V:
354.61 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Fine-grained
Comment:
Expands to 17.35 A using glycol
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.1 Å | (100) |
| 4.56 Å | (40) |
| 3.34 Å | (20) |
| 2.66 Å | (40) |
| 2.27 Å | (20) |
| 1.72 Å | (10) |
| 1.52 Å | (80) |
Comments:
ICDD 43-664
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Laterite, saprolite
First Recorded Occurrence of Pimelite
General Appearance of First Recorded Material:
Dark grass to forest-green masses of pimelite are found in colour-zoned pods (to 1 meter) with yellow-green nickeloan nontronite associated with red-brown hematite-stained nontronite and adjacent to bright white montmorillonite pods in a weathering profile.
Geological Setting of First Recorded Material:
Dark grass to forest-green masses of pimelite are found in colour-zoned pods in a weathering profile.
Associated Minerals at First Recorded Locality:
Synonyms of Pimelite
Other Language Names for Pimelite
Relationship of Pimelite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Smectite Group:
| Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. |
| Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
| Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 10 photos of Pimelite associated with 'Chrysoprase' | |
| 4 photos of Pimelite associated with 'Chalcedony' | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Pimelite associated with 'Kerolite' | (Mg,Ni)3Si4O10(OH)2 · nH2O (n ~ 1) |
| 2 photos of Pimelite associated with Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 2 photos of Pimelite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 1 photo of Pimelite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 1 photo of Pimelite associated with 'Garnierite' | |
| 1 photo of Pimelite associated with Nickeline | NiAs |
| 1 photo of Pimelite associated with Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | 'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg' | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'Chloroferrokinoshitalite' | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi' | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | 'Tarasovite' | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | 'Orthochamosite' | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Fluorescence of Pimelite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pimelite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-7236.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Pimelite
Reference List:
Kato, Toshio (1961) A Study on the so-Called Garnierite from New Caledonia. Mineralogical Journal, 3 (3). 107-121 doi:10.2465/minerj1953.3.107
Faust, George T. (1966) The hydrous nickel-magnesium silicates-The garnierite group. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 279-298
Manceau, Alain, Calas, Georges (1985) Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70 (5-6) 549-558
Manceau, A., Calas, G., Decarreau, A. (1985) Nickel-bearing clay minerals: I. Optical spectroscopic study of nickel crystal chemistry. Clay Minerals, 20 (3) 367-387 doi:10.1180/claymin.1985.020.3.08
Manceau, A., Calas, G. (1986) Nickel-bearing clay minerals: II. Intracrystalline distribution of nickel: an X-ray absorption study. Clay Minerals, 21 (3) 341-360 doi:10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.07
Colin, F., Nahon, Daniel, Trescases, Jean-Jacques, Melfi, A. J. (1990) Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goias, Brazil; the supergene behavior of nickel. Economic Geology, 85 (5) 1010-1023 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.5.1010[Studies not actually performed on "pimelite." This study used the false assumption that their specimens were "true" pimelite, simply because the mineral was waxy and green.]
Localities for Pimelite
Showing 44 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Brazil | |
| Dybowska et al. (2022) |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (2004) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Čech |
| Pelíšek |
Dominican Republic | |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2014) |
France | |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Cathelineau et al. (2023) |
| Cathelineau et al. (2023) | |
| Manceau et al. (1985) |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Cathelineau et al. (2024) |
| Vale SA |
Indonesia | |
| Sufriadin et al. (2012) |
| Vale SA | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
Morocco | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Poland | |
| Gil et al. (2022) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Harańczyk C. (1974) |
| Czeslaw Haranczyk and Karol Prchazka (1974) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| www.webmineral.com/data/Pimelite.shtml |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Spangenberg et al. (1949) | |
| Spangenberg et al. (1949) | |
| Kaczan et al. (2021) | |
South Korea | |
| Song et al. (1995) |
| Song et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
USA | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Gaines et al. (1997) |
| Morrill & Chaffee |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
Venezuela | |
| Domènech et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
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Szklary, Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie, Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland