Saponite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Josiah Heyman
About Saponite
Formula:
Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Colour:
White, yellow, gray, blue, green, reddish, brown
Lustre:
Greasy, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.24 - 2.30
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From Latin, sap, soap, alluding to its greasy or soapy feel and appearance.
Type Locality:
Smectite Group. Beidellite-Saponite Series.
See also the Fe-dominant end-member ferrosaponite.
May be interstratified with lizardite: UM2002-39-SiO:AlCaFeHMg.
See also the Fe-dominant end-member ferrosaponite.
May be interstratified with lizardite: UM2002-39-SiO:AlCaFeHMg.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3528
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3528:2
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Saponite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Ca,Na)0.3(Mg,Fe2+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O
Classification of Saponite
9.EC.45
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1b.2
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
16.7.7
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sap | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Sap | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Sap | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Saponite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Saponite
Greasy, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
White, yellow, gray, blue, green, reddish, brown
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Comment:
Plastic when hydrated, brittle when dry
Density:
2.24 - 2.30 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Saponite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.479 - 1.49 nβ = 1.51 - 1.525 nγ = 1.511 - 1.527
2V:
Calculated: 20° to 26°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.032 - 0.037
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = colorless, light yellow to green-brown; Y = Z = colorless, greenish brown to dark brown
Chemistry of Saponite
Mindat Formula:
Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Ni,K,P
Crystallography of Saponite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.3 Å, b = 9.14 Å, c = 16.9 Å
β = 97°
β = 97°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.58 : 1 : 1.849
Unit Cell V:
812.57 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Comment:
Point Group: n.d.; Space Group: n.d; Z = n.d.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.4 Å | (100) |
| 7.9 Å | (50) |
| 5.28 Å | (10) |
| 4.60 Å | (50) |
| 3.93 Å | (10) |
| 3.13 Å | (50) |
| 2.648 Å | (50) |
| 2.560 Å | (50) |
| 2.452 Å | (10) |
| 2.298 Å | (10) |
| 1.740 Å | (10) |
| 1.541 Å | (65) |
| 1.330 Å | (30) |
| 1.001 Å | (10) |
| 0.8888 Å | (10) |
| 0.880 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 13-305 (ferroan saponite)
very close to stevensite.
very close to stevensite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Saponite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 44591
Synonyms of Saponite
Other Language Names for Saponite
Varieties of Saponite
| Aluminium-saponite | Al-rich Saponite. |
| Bowlingite | Obsolete name for pseudomorphs of saponite after olivine. |
| Cathkinite | A local name for a reddish-brown compact variety of saponite. |
| Copper-bearing Saponite | A copper-bearing variety of saponite |
| Iron-bearing Saponite | Originally reported from Santa Monica Mts, Los Angeles Co., California, USA. See also the Fe-dominant end-member ferrosaponite. |
| Lithian Saponite | A Li-bearing saponite. |
| Sobotkite | An Al-rich variety of saponite. |
Relationship of Saponite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Smectite Group:
| Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O | Hex. |
| Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
| Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 57 photos of Saponite associated with 'Sceptre Quartz' | SiO2 |
| 57 photos of Saponite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 39 photos of Saponite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 38 photos of Saponite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O |
| 38 photos of Saponite associated with Sepiolite | Mg4(Si6O15)(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 38 photos of Saponite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 32 photos of Saponite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 28 photos of Saponite associated with Chabazite | |
| 25 photos of Saponite associated with Chabazite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca,Sr,Mg)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 24 photos of Saponite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | 'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg' | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'Chloroferrokinoshitalite' | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi' | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | 'Tarasovite' | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | 'Orthochamosite' | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Saponite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3528.html
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References for Saponite
Reference List:
WINCHELL, N. H. (1912) Saponite, thalite, greenalite, greenstone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 23 (1) 329-332 doi:10.1130/gsab-23-329
Palache, Charles, Vassar, Helen E. (1925) Some minerals of the Keweenawan copper deposits: Pumpellyite, a new mineral; sericite; saponite. American Mineralogist, 10 (11). 412-418
Caillere, S. (1951) The Properties and Identification of Saponite (Bowlingite) Clay Minerals, 1 (5) 138-144 doi:10.1180/claymin.1951.001.5.03
Schmidt, E. R. (1953) A Saponite from Krugersdorp District, Transvaal. Clay Minerals, 30 (222) 201-210
Mitchell, W. A. (1954) An Occurrence of Saponite in Vesicular Lava. Clay Minerals, 2 (12) 207 doi:10.1180/claymin.1954.002.12.23
MIYAMOTO, NOBORU (1957) IRON-RICH SAPONITE FROM MAZÉ, NIIGATA PREFECTURE. JAPAN. Mineralogical Journal, 2 (3). p.193-195. doi:10.2465/minerj1953.2.193
Kulbicki, Georges (1959) High temperature phases in sepiolite, attapulgite and saponite. American Mineralogist, 44 (7-8) 752-764
Whelan, J. A., Lepp, H. (1961) An occurrence of saponite near Silver Bay, Minnesota. American Mineralogist, 46 (3-4) 430-433
Iiyama, J. T. (1963) Unusually Stable Saponite in the System Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. Clay Minerals, 5 (29) 161-171 doi:10.1180/claymin.1963.005.29.01
Ball, D. F. (1964) Saponite and Lizardite Veins on the Island of Rhum. Clay Minerals, 5 (32) 434-442 doi:10.1180/claymin.1964.005.32.03
Russell, J. D. (1964) Infra-Red Spectroscopic Study of the Dehydration of Montmorillonite and Saponite. Clay Minerals, 5 (32) 443-464 doi:10.1180/claymin.1964.005.32.04
Graham, J. (1967) Formation of saponite from kaolinite, quartz and dolomite. American Mineralogist, 52 (9-10) 1560-1561
Quakernaat, J. (1970) A New Occurrence of a Macrocrystalline Form of Saponite. Clay Minerals, 8 (4) 491-493 doi:10.1180/claymin.1970.008.4.12
KITAHARA, JUN-ICHI (1971) SAPONITE FROM THE WAKAMATSU MINE, TOTTORI PREFECTURE, JAPAN. Mineralogical Journal, 6 (5) 289-298 doi:10.2465/minerj1953.6.289
Kohyama, Norihiko; Shimoda, Susumu; Sudo, Toshio (1973) Iron-Rich Saponite (Ferrous and Ferric Forms). Clays and Clay Minerals, 21 (4). p.229-237. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1973.0210405
Suquet, H. (1975) Swelling and Structural Organization of Saponite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23 (1) 1-9 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1975.0230101
Kohyama, Norihiko (1975) Hisingerite Occurring as a Weathering Product of Iron-Rich Saponite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23 (3) 215-218 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1975.0230309
Wiewióra, Andrzej (1975) Nickel Containing Regularly Interstratified Chlorite-Saponite from Szklary, Lower Silesia, Poland. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23 (2) 91-96 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1975.0230202
Curtis, C. D. (1976) 'Unmixed' Ca2+/Mg2+ saponite at Calton Hill, Derbyshire. Clay Minerals, 11 (1) 85-89 doi:10.1180/claymin.1976.011.1.10
Suquet, H. (1977) Synthesis and Swelling Properties of Saponites with Increasing Layer Charge. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25 (3) 231-242 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1977.0250310
Alietti, Andrea (1980) Structure of a Talc/Saponite Mixed-Layer Mineral. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28 (5) 388-390 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1980.0280509
Whitney, Gene (1983) Hydrothermal Reactivity of Saponite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31 (1) 1-8 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1983.0310101
Ianovici, V., Neacşu, G., Neacşu, Vasilica (1983) Saponite from Moldova Noua, Romania. Clay Minerals, 18 (2) 205-207 doi:10.1180/claymin.1983.018.2.09
Post, J. L. (1984) Saponite from Near Ballarat, California. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32 (2) 147-153 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1984.0320209
Suquet, Hélène (1987) Parameters Influencing Layer Stacking Types in Saponite and Vermiculite: A Review. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (5) 353-362 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350505
Kodama, H. (1988) Ferrian Saponite in a Gabbro Saprolite at Mont Mégantic, Quebec. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36 (2) 102-110 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360202
Ōya, Asao, Ōtani, Sugio (1989) Study on structural changes of saponite and a saponite/acriflavine complex by heating. Applied Clay Science, 4. 59-68 doi:10.1016/0169-1317(89)90014-8
Motoharu, Kawano (1991) Dehydration and Rehydration of Saponite and Vermiculite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39 (2) 174-183 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1991.0390209
April, Richard H. (1992) Saponite and Vermiculite in Amygdales of the Granby Basaltic Tuff, Connecticut Valley. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40 (1) 22-31 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1992.0400104
Grauby, Olivier, Petit, Sabine, Decarreau, Alain, Baronnet, Alain (1993) The beidellite-saponite series: an experimental approach. European Journal of Mineralogy, 5 (4) 623-636 doi:10.1127/ejm/5/4/0623
Grauby, Olivier, Petit, Sabine, Decarreau, Alain, Baronnet, Alain (1994) The nontronite-saponite series: An experimental approach. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (1) 99-112 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/1/0099
Beaufort, D., Meunier, A. (1994) Saponite, Corrensite and Chlorite-Saponite Mixed-Layers in the Sancerre-Couy Deep Drill-Hole (France) Clay Minerals, 29 (1) 47-61 doi:10.1180/claymin.1994.029.1.06
Çolak, Mümtaz (2000) Saponite from the Emet Colemanite Mines, Kütahya, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48 (4) 409-423 doi:10.1346/ccmn.2000.0480401
Kloprogge, J.T., Frost, R.L. (2000) The effect of synthesis temperature on the FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra of saponites. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 23 (1) 119-127 doi:10.1016/s0924-2031(00)00056-4
Vogels, R.J.M.J. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of saponite clays. American Mineralogist, 90 (5) 931-944 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1616
Vogels, R.J.M.J. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of saponite clays: Part 2. Thermal stability. American Mineralogist, 90 (5) 945-953 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1617
Gailhanou, H., Blanc, P., Rogez, J., Mikaelian, G., Horiuchi, K., Yamamura, Y., Saito, K., Kawaji, H., Warmont, F., Greneche, J.-M., Vieillard, P., Fialips, C. I., Giffaut, E., Gaucher, E. C. (2013) Thermodynamic properties of saponite, nontronite, and vermiculite derived from calorimetric measurements. American Mineralogist, 98 (10) 1834-1847 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4344
Treiman, A. H., Morris, R. V., Agresti, D. G., Graff, T. G., Achilles, C. N., Rampe, E. B., Bristow, T. F., Ming, D. W., Blake, D. F., Vaniman, D. T., Bish, D. L., Chipera, S. J., Morrison, S. M., Downs, R. T. (2014) Ferrian saponite from the Santa Monica Mountains (California, U.S.A., Earth): Characterization as an analog for clay minerals on Mars with application to Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater. American Mineralogist, 99 (11) 2234-2250 doi:10.2138/am-2014-4763
Kloprogge, J. Theo, Ponce, Concepcion P. (2021) Spectroscopic Studies of Synthetic and Natural Saponites: A Review. Minerals, 11 (2) 112 doi:10.3390/min11020112
Morida, Koki, Fukushi, Keisuke, Sakuma, Hiroshi, Tamura, Kenji (2023) Systematic comparison of the hydration and dehydration of Na+-, K+-, and NH4+-saturated montmorillonite, nontronite, hectorite, saponite, and Fe-saponite by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. Applied Clay Science, 237. 106898 doi:10.1016/j.clay.2023.106898
Localities for Saponite
Showing 493 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Greshake et al. (2004) |
Antarctica | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Smellie et al. (1984, March) |
| Mozer (2012) |
| Rangel et al. (2019) | |
Argentina | |
| Rainoldi et al. (2024) |
Armenia | |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Milinovic +6 other references |
Australia | |
| Gorter et al. (2002) |
| England (2002) |
| England (2000) |
| England (1996) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Crawford (1973) |
| Head (1979) +4 other references | |
| England (1998) |
| England et al. (1988) |
| Keith F Compton collection |
| Rod Martin Collection |
| Vic Cloete. | |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| R. Bottrill +1 other reference |
| |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| R Bottrill (2021) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| Bottrill |
| R Bottrill | |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| Bottrill et al. (2002) |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit +2 other references |
| Francesco et al. (2019) |
Austria | |
| Zirkl et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| matrixx 5 +1 other reference |
| Götzinger (1987) |
| Niedermayr (1990) +1 other reference |
| Ertl (1995) |
| Database „Minerale NÖ“ (A. Thinschmidt and co-workers) |
| Götzinger (1987) |
| Götzinger (1987) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) +1 other reference |
| [var: Bowlingite] Alker (1972) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| [var: Copper-bearing Saponite] Taucher (1989) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959) |
| Dybowska et al. (2022) |
| D Atencio & R Hypolito () |
| Fosfatos e Silicatos Secundários de ... | |
Canada | |
| Simandl et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| [var: Bowlingite] - (2022) |
| Tanner (1994) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Hogarth (1997) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Willet Miller (1905) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Wight et al. (1995) |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
| Zolensky et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Central African Republic | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| Demetrius Pohl identified AMNH 1985 +2 other references |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| [var: Sobotkite] Howard Minerals specimens +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection |
China | |
| Zhu et al. (2024) |
| Chu et al. (2023) | |
| Minzhi Yang (2004) |
| Vielreicher et al. (2003) |
| Hongkui Li et al. (2010) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Shen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Tang (2005) |
Colombia | |
| Castrillón et al. (2023) |
Curaçao | |
| ... | |
Cyprus | |
| Prüfer (2010) |
| Antivachis (2015) |
Czech Republic | |
| Litochleb +4 other references |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Pauliš |
| Welser +5 other references |
| Petr Fuchs (2024, December) |
| Melka (2000) |
| Pauliš |
| Mrázek I (1978) |
| Houzar +5 other references |
| Petr Pauliš (2001) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Broda et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Zolensky (1991) |
Egypt | |
| Treiman et al. (1991) |
El Salvador | |
| implications for metal transport in natural systems. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research (1) +1 other reference |
Faroe Islands | |
| - (2011, November) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 415 | |
Finland | |
| Uusinoka et al. (1) |
| [var: Bowlingite] www.geologinenseura.fi (2017) |
France | |
| Ch. Robert |
| Ch. Robert | |
| Passaglia et al. (1985) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lacroix (1904) +1 other reference |
| Dudoignon et al. (1989) |
| Dudoignon et al. (1989) | |
| Giret et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Marrocchi et al. (2014) |
| El Mendili et al. (2022) |
| C. Campiglio et al. +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Claude Laforêt |
| Tomeoka et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Vincent Coureau collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Eigler et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Lapis 2/2011 |
| |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Quakernaat (1970) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ... |
| Mertz et al. (1990) |
| Schüller et al. (1950) |
Greece | |
| Katerinopoulos et al. (1994) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection. SEM-EDS by ... |
| |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Hungary | |
| Tokody et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| Koch (1985) |
| |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae VI. +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (2006) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| KOVÁCS-PÁLFFY (2005) |
| Analized in Geological Institute of Hungary (Péter Kónya) |
| KÓNYA (2015) |
Iceland | |
| Escobedo et al. (2021) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Blake (1966) |
| Ágústsdóttir et al. (1994) |
India | |
| Smith et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics & Planetary Science et al. (March 2003) |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] AmMin 88:1983–1988 (2003) |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Buchanan et al. (1993) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] D. Besse et al. |
Indonesia | |
| Analyses by Alfredo Petrov and John ... |
| Alfredo Petrov | |
Italy | |
| Barresi et al. (2005) |
| Croze (1989) |
| [var: Sobotkite] Buseck et al. (1993) |
| Krot et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Morandi et al. (1982) |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Veniale et al. (1968) |
| ... |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| |
| Passaglia et al. (1994) |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Appiani et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Apollaro et al. (2023) |
| Manuella (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Mattioli et al. (2026) |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) | |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) | |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) | |
| Paolo Gasparetto Collection | |
| Pegoraro et al. (2017) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Analysis by Michele Mattioli (Urbino University) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Pouclet A. et al. (2004) |
Japan | |
| Hideo Kuroda (1978) |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nambu +2 other references |
| Matsuhisa et al. (1985) |
| TAKEUCHI et al. (1984) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Narita (1961) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Tiba et al. (1995) |
| PXRD + XRF by Alfredo Petrov |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| |
Kosovo | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Lithuania | |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) |
Madagascar | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lacroix (1898) |
Mexico | |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Verhagen et al. (2023) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Namibia | |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Buch et al. (1996) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Black et al. (undated but circa late 1970's) |
| LIVERMORE (1999) |
| de Ronde +16 other references |
| Courtney (1991) |
| Courtney (1994) |
| Kimura et al. (1998) |
| Singh (2015) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Spratt et al. (1975) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Hutton (1942) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Fintor et al. (2014) | |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2001) |
| Kvamsdal (1993) |
| Moum et al. (1964) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2446 |
| Furnes et al. (1982) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Li et al. (2022) | |
| Christine Laverne et al. (2006) |
| Lamborg et al. (2006) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... |
| Muszyński M. et al. (2009) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Bowlingite, var: Sobotkite] Harańczyk C. (1974) |
| Czeslaw Haranczyk and Karol Prchazka (1974) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Spangenberg et al. (1949) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lis et al. (1986) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Spangenberg et al. (1949) |
| Pieczka et al. (2013) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Spangenberg et al. (1949) | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| CEDOM |
| Michele Dondi |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2025) |
| Ianovici et al. (1983) |
Russia | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Sklyarov et al. (2016) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Sklyarov et al. (2016) | |
| Pashkevich +1 other reference |
| Kononova et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Nimis et al. (2004) |
| Keller et al. (1993) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Igor Savin's data |
| Talovina et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| A. E. Zadov data |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| [var: Bowlingite] Gritsenko et al. (2022) |
| Chayka +9 other references |
| [var: Bowlingite] Sluzhenikin et al. (2015) | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| ... | |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Rogulina et al. (2008) |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Sokolova et al. (2011) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Guan et al. (1997) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1991) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cloete et al. (2001) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South America Plate | |
| Zhang et al. (2026) | |
| Silva et al. (2025) | |
| Schrank et al. (2024) | |
South Korea | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Hideo Tsuda (1969) |
South Sudan | |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) |
Spain | |
| Schüller et al. (1950) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| Lapis 2001 et al. (reference via Ferdinando Giovine) +1 other reference |
| Utzmann et al. (2002) | |
| Pozo Rodríguez et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Müller et al. (2006) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Schad (1989) |
Taiwan | |
| Yui et al. (1999) | |
Tanzania | |
| Brearley (1992) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
| Güngör Yeşilova et al. (2023) |
UK | |
| Power et al. (1997) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Turner R.W. and Rumsey (2007) +1 other reference |
| Walker (1962) |
| Trevor Boyd Collection | |
| Fleischmann (1910) | |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
| Walker (1962) | |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| S. Moreton observation. |
| [var: Bowlingite] Heddle (1901) +3 other references |
| Ball (1964) |
| Sweet et al. (1961) |
| |
| [var: Bowlingite] www.mindat.org/mesg-9-106733.html +1 other reference |
| NNational Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Emetz et al. (2005) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Slaughter (2023) |
| Shannon (1983) +2 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Arizona Dept. of Mines & Min. Resources +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| [var: Lithian Saponite] Starkey et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| [var: Lithian Saponite] Starkey et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| Post (1984) |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] Wise et al. (1988) |
| Fred DeVito collection |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. | |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] Ross (1946) |
| Fred DeVito collection |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] Neuerburg | |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] Ross (1946) | |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] Ross (1946) | |
| [var: Iron-bearing Saponite] | |
| - (2005) |
| Otton +2 other references |
| Ames et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| |
| www.mineralsocal.org (2001) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:5 pp316-324 |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| specimens associated with epistilbite |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Emerson (1917) |
| Emerson (1882) +1 other reference |
| [var: Bowlingite] Ross (2010) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| T. Kennedy collection |
| Travis Olds photo |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Collection Elmar Lackner +1 other reference | |
| USGS PP144 | |
| Dana 6: 1086. |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris (1983) +2 other references | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Samuel Anderson Collection |
| Tutolo et al. (2019) | |
| AmMin 46:430 |
| Samuel Anderson Collection | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Zhdanov et al. (2024) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Maertens (2007) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Clays and Clay Minerals +4 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Donald R. Privett et al. (2011) |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 |
| Rocks & Min.:59:109-120. |
| [var: Sobotkite] Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Montoya et al. (1962) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Michael D. Dunn (2025) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Cordua (1991) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Am Min 49:778-781 |
Vietnam | |
| Ko-Chun Huang Collection | |
Yemen | |
| LPSC 25 (1994) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| [var: Bowlingite] Sminia et al. (2006) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Mars | |
| Several papers on: Science Express |
| Gou et al. (2015) |
Outer Space | |
| Posch et al. (2007) |
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Horseshoe Dam area, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA