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Biotite

A group of related mineral species

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Photos of Biotite (1817)Recorded Ages and Analyses Discuss Biotite

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Annite

Almenningen Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik Commune, Vestfold, Norway

Biotite

Mount Somma, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Biotite

Wannenköpfe Quarry, Ochtendung, Maifeld, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Annite

Almenningen Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik Commune, Vestfold, Norway

Biotite

Mount Somma, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Biotite

Wannenköpfe Quarry, Ochtendung, Maifeld, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Annite

Almenningen Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik Commune, Vestfold, Norway

Biotite

Mount Somma, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

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About BiotiteHide

Jean Baptiste Biot [April 21, 1774 Paris, France - February 3, 1862 Paris, France]

Formula:

K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

A slash in the formula indicates different elements can occur in this position but without assumption on priority.

Member of:

Trioctahedral mica Group > Mica Group

Name:

Named in 1847 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann in honour of the French physicist, mathematician, meteoriticist, astronomer, and mineralogist, Jean-Baptiste Biot [April 21, 1774, Paris, France - February 3, 1862, Paris, France], who studied the optical properties of the micas. Biot and his associate, Félix Savart, discovered that an electric current in a wire produced a magnetic field. Biot received many awards in his lifetime in recognition of the value of his scientific researches.

A K-rich subgroup of the trioctahedral mica group of the Mica Group.

The CNMMN Subcommittee on Nomenclature of the Micas (1998, 1999) has recommended that the name biotite be used for any minerals in the “series” between the joins Annite-Phlogopite and Siderophyllite-Eastonite, and is therefore no longer to be regarded as a species name, more strictly a subgroup. Other closely related species such as Fluorophlogopite and Fluorotetraferriphlogopite are usually included in the subgroup.

The name is most commonly used generically (in the field or petrologically) for any unanalysed or incompletely analysed dark-coloured, Fe-rich micas, including Annite, Fluorannite, Tetra-ferri-annite and Siderophyllite.

Commonly alters to vermiculite or chlorite, and these may be intimately interlayered.

Rock-forming biotite may be confused with stilpnomelane.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

677

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:677:2

Similar NamesHide

Baotite	A valid IMA mineral species	Ba₄(Ti,Nb,W)₈O₁₆(SiO₃)₄Cl
Biotine	A synonym of Anorthite
Boydite	A synonym of Probertite

IMA Classification of BiotiteHide

IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Bt	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Bt	Kretz (1983)	Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Bt	Siivolam & Schmid (2007)	Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Bt	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Bt	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
Bt	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Pronunciation of BiotiteHide

Pronunciation:

Play	Recorded by	Country
	Jolyon Ralph	United Kingdom

Chemistry of BiotiteHide

Mindat Formula:

K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

A slash in the formula indicates different elements can occur in this position but without assumption on priority.

View all 427 analyses with additional filters.

Age distributionHide

Recorded ages:

Paleoarchean to Quaternary : 3366 Ma to 0.064 ± 0.025 Ma - based on 427 recorded ages.

Sample ages:

Sample ID	Recorded age	Geologic Time	Dating method
1	0.176 ± 0.03 to 0.064 ± 0.025 Ma	Pleistocene	Ar-Ar
2	13.5 Ma	Miocene	Ar-Ar
3	22.6 ± 0.2 to 17.0 ± 0.9 Ma	Miocene	K-Ar
4	29.9 ± 0.1 Ma	Oligocene	40Ar/39Ar
5	32.31 ± 0.09 Ma	Oligocene	40Ar/39Ar
6	37.4 ± 1.3 Ma	Eocene	K-Ar
7	63.2 ± 4.8 Ma	Paleocene	Ar-Ar
8	83.7 Ma	Late/Upper Cretaceous	K-Ar
9	102 to 97 Ma	Cretaceous	FT
10	127.6 ± 0.6 Ma	Early/Lower Cretaceous	Ar-Ar
11	133 ± 0.2 Ma	Early/Lower Cretaceous	Ar-Ar
12	149 ± 1 Ma	Late Jurassic	Ar/Ar
13	244.2 ± 0.3 Ma	Middle Triassic	Ar-Ar
14	305 Ma	Pennsylvanian	Rb-Sr biotite, apatite and whole rock
15	372 ± 3 Ma	Late/Upper Devonian	U-Pb
16	390 ± 9 Ma	Middle Devonian	U-Pb
17	470.5 ± 9.3 Ma	Early/Lower Ordovician	K-Ar
18	550 Ma	Ediacaran	Rb-Sr whole rock
19	1384 ± 18 Ma	Ectasian	K-Ar
20	3366 Ma	Paleoarchean	207Pb/206Pb

Sample references:

ID	Locality	Reference	Notes
1	Mount Sabyinyo, Africa	Rogers, N. W., James, D., Kelley, S. P., & De Mulder, M. (1998). The generation of potassic lavas from the eastern Virunga province, Rwanda. Journal of Petrology, 39(6), 1223-1247. doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.6.1223
2	Dangreyong lake, Nyima Co., Nagqu, Tibet, China	Ding, L., Kapp, P., Zhong, D., & Deng, W. (2003). Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet: evidence for a transition from oceanic to continental subduction. Journal of Petrology, 44(10), 1833-1865.
3	Derby-West Kimberley Shire, Western Australia, Australia	Jaques, A. L., Webb, A. W., Fanning, C. M., Black, L. P., Pidgeon, R. T., Ferguson, J., ... & Gregory, G. P. (1984). THE AGE OF THE DIAMOND-BEARING PIPES AND ASSOCIATED LEUCITE LAMPROITES OF THE WEST KIMBERLEY REGION, WESTERN-AUSTRALIA. BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 9(1), 1-7.
4	Molly Kathleen Mine, Cripple Creek, Cripple Creek Mining District, Teller County, Colorado, USA	Kelley, Karen D., Romberger, Samuel B., Beaty, David W., Pontius, Jeffrey A., Snee, Lawrence W., Stein, Holly J., Thompson, Tommy B. (1998) Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the genesis of Au-Te deposits at Cripple Creek, Colorado. Economic Geology, 93 (7) 981-1012 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.93.7.981
5	Cripple Creek, Cripple Creek Mining District, Teller County, Colorado, USA	Kelley, Karen D., Romberger, Samuel B., Beaty, David W., Pontius, Jeffrey A., Snee, Lawrence W., Stein, Holly J., Thompson, Tommy B. (1998) Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the genesis of Au-Te deposits at Cripple Creek, Colorado. Economic Geology, 93 (7) 981-1012 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.93.7.981
6	Gold Hill Mining District, Tooele County, Utah, USA	Stacey, J. S., and Zartman R. E. (1978) A lead and strontium isotopic study of igneous rocks and ores from the Gold Hill mining district, Utah. Utah Geology 5 (1) 1-15.
7	Erongo Mountains, Erongo Region, Namibia	Wigand, Marcus, Schmitt, Axel K., Trumbull, Robert B., Villa, Igor M., Emmermann, Rolf (2004) Short-lived magmatic activity in an anorogenic subvolcanic complex: 40Ar/39Ar and ion microprobe U–Pb zircon dating of the Erongo, Damaraland, Namibia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 130 (3) 285-305 doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00310-x
8	Gejiu Sn-polymetallic ore field, Gejiu City, Honghe, Yunnan, China	Xu, K., & Tu, G. (Eds.). (1984). Geology of Granites and Their Metallogenetic Relations: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, October 26-30, 1932. Science press, 33-54	Biotite from syenite
9	V intrusive, Lake Catherine, Garland County, Arkansas, USA	Morris, E. M. (1987) The Cretaceous Arkansas alkalic province; a summary of petrology and geochemistry.
10	Inagli Massif, Aldan, Sakha, Russia	Dalrymple, G.B., Czamanske, G. K., Fedorenko, V. A., Simonov, O. N., Lanphere, M. A., & Likhachev, A. P. (1995) A reconnaissance 40Ar39Ar geochronologic study of ore-bearing and related rocks, Siberian Russia. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 59(10), 2071-2083.
11	Erongo Mountains, Erongo Region, Namibia	Wigand, Marcus, Schmitt, Axel K., Trumbull, Robert B., Villa, Igor M., Emmermann, Rolf (2004) Short-lived magmatic activity in an anorogenic subvolcanic complex: 40Ar/39Ar and ion microprobe U–Pb zircon dating of the Erongo, Damaraland, Namibia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 130 (3) 285-305 doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00310-x
12	Messum Igneous Complex, Brandberg Area, Dâures Constituency, Erongo Region, Namibia	Fitch, F. J., & Miller, J. A. (1984). Dating Karoo igneous rocks by the conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum methods. In:Erlank, A.J. (ed.) Petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks of the Karoo Province. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication, 13, 247-266.	from gabbro
13	Nanjinshan Au Mine, Subei Co., Jiuquan, Gansu, China	Han C, Xiao W, Zhao G, Sun M, Qu W, Du A (2014): Re-Os geochronology on molybdenites from the Donggebi Mo Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt and its geological significance. Resource Geology 64 (2) 136-148.
14	Shaxiongdong carbonatite, Shennongjia Forest District, Shiyan, Hubei, China	Shi, L. (1991). GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROGENESIS OF THE SHAXIONG-DONG CARBONATITE COMPLEX, HUBEI PROVINCE [J]. Geochimica, 3, 245-254.
15	Vuoriyarvi alkaline-ultrabasic massif, Northern Karelia, Murmansk Oblast, Russia	Arzamastsev, A. A., & Wu, F. Y. (2014) U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of minerals from the ultrabasic-alkaline massifs of the Kola province. Petrology, 22(5), 462-479.
16	Afrikanda complex, Murmansk Oblast, Russia	Arzamastsev, A. A., & Wu, F. Y. (2014) U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of minerals from the ultrabasic-alkaline massifs of the Kola province. Petrology, 22(5), 462-479.
17	Perunthol-Kakkaponnu, Pathanapuram, Kollam District, Kerala, India	Rajesh, V. J., Arima, M., & Santosh, M. (2004). Dunite, glimmerite and spinellite in Achankovil Shear Zone, South India: implications for highly potassic CO2-rich melt influx along an intra-continental shear zone. Gondwana Research, 7(4), 961-974.	phlogopite separated from glimmerite
18	Hossere Nyore Granite Intrusion, North Region, Cameroon	Lasserre, M. (1978). MISE AU POINT SUR LES GRANITOIDES DITS" ULTIMES" DU CAMEROUN: GISEMENT, PETROGRAPHIE ET GEOCHRONOLOGIE. Bulletin du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Paris, 4, 143-159.
19	Krishna lamproite field, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India	Rao, N. C., Miller, J. A., Pyle, D. M., & Madhavan, V. (1996). New Proterozoic K? Ar ages for some kimberlites and lamproites from the Cuddapah Basin and Dharwar Craton, South India: evidence for non-contemporaneous emplacement. Precambrian Research, 79(3-4), 363-369.
20	Watersmeet, Gogebic County, Michigan, USA	Peterman, Z. E., Zartman, R. E., & Sims, P. K. (1980) Tonalitic gneiss of early Archean age from northern Michigan. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 182, 125-134.

Chemical AnalysisHide

Oxide wt%:

	1	2	3	4
SiO₂	37.99 %	40.72 %	38.69 %	39.79 %
TiO₂	0.32 %	1.04 %	0.95 %	2.53 %
Al₂O₃	21.69 %	17.05 %	16.85 %	15.58 %
FeO	8.97 %	2.73 %	12.28 %	2.92 %
MnO		0.02 %	0.15 %	0.03 %
MgO	15.79 %	24.18 %	15.74 %	23.32 %
CaO		1.19 %	0.07 %	0.02 %
Na₂O		0.55 %	0.27 %	0.27 %
K₂O	10.13 %	6.74 %	9.25 %	10.56 %
Fe₂O₃		1.68 %
F		0.96 %		1.39 %
H₂O+		3.38 %
H₂O-		0.06 %
Cr₂O₃			0.10 %	0.03 %
BaO				0.04 %
Cl				0.02 %
H₂O				3.57 %
O=F,Cl				–0.59 %
Total:	94.89 %	100.3 %	94.35 %	100.07 %

Empirical formulas:

Sample ID	Empirical Formula
1	K_0.93 (Mg_1.70 Fe²⁺_0.54 Al_0.61)_Σ2.85(Al_1.24Ti_0.02Si_2.74)_Σ4.00O₁₀OH₂
3	(K_0.87Na_0.04) _Σ0.91 (Mg_1.73 Fe_0.76 Mn_0.01 Ti_0.05Al_0.33)_Σ2.88(Al_1.14Si_2.86)_Σ4.00O₁₀OH₂

Sample references:

ID	Locality	Reference	Notes
1	Charakoma eclogite, Soufli, Evros, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece	Mposkos, E.; Baziotis, I.; Proyer, A. (2011) Pressure–temperature evolution of eclogites from the Kechros complex in the Eastern Rhodope (NE Greece). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 101 (4). 973-996 doi:10.1007/s00531-011-0699-2	EMPA analysis of retrograde "biotite" formed on the rim of phengite flakes in a kyanite-eclogite. The mica composition is intermediate between eastonite and phlogopite, but the composition is closest to the phlogopite end-member.
2	Ianakafy, Ianakafy, Betroka District, Anosy, Madagascar	v. Knorring, O., Sahama, Th.G., Lehtinen, M. (1969) Kornerupine-bearing gneiss from Inanakafy near Betroka, Madagascar. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 41. 79-84 doi:10.17741/bgsf/41.008
3	Steinsteg eclogite, Frosnitz valley, Matrei in Osttirol, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria	Hoschek, G (2001) Thermobarometry of metasediments and metabasites from the Eclogite zone of the Hohe Tauern, Eastern Alps, Austria. Lithos, 59 (3) 127-150 doi:10.1016/s0024-4937(01)00063-9	EMPA analysis of late fromed "biotite" from a crack in garnet in a mica schist.
4	Beluga sapphire property, Kimmirut, Baffin Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada	Belley, Philippe M., Dzikowski, Tashia J., Fagan, Andrew, Cempírek, Jan, Groat, Lee A., Mortensen, James K., Fayek, Mostafa, Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Gertzbein, Paul (2017) Origin Of Scapolite-Hosted Sapphire (Corundum) Near Kimmirut, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55 (4) 669-699 doi:10.3749/canmin.1700018	Average compositions

Crystallographic forms of BiotiteHide

Crystal Atlas:

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Biotite no.7 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0020183	Fluorophlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Ventruti G, Nicotra E, Viccaro M, Tagliani S M (2013) Fluorophlogopite from Piano delle Concazze (Mt. Etna, Italy): Crystal chemistry and implications for the crystallization conditions American Mineralogist 98 1017-1025	2013	Piano delle Concazze, Mt. Etna, Italy	0	293
0020182	Fluorophlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Ventruti G, Nicotra E, Viccaro M, Tagliani S M (2013) Fluorophlogopite from Piano delle Concazze (Mt. Etna, Italy): Crystal chemistry and implications for the crystallization conditions American Mineralogist 98 1017-1025	2013	Piano delle Concazze, Mt. Etna, Italy	0	293
0020181	Fluorophlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Ventruti G, Nicotra E, Viccaro M, Tagliani S M (2013) Fluorophlogopite from Piano delle Concazze (Mt. Etna, Italy): Crystal chemistry and implications for the crystallization conditions American Mineralogist 98 1017-1025	2013	Piano delle Concazze, Mt. Etna, Italy	0	293
0020180	Fluorophlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Ventruti G, Nicotra E, Viccaro M, Tagliani S M (2013) Fluorophlogopite from Piano delle Concazze (Mt. Etna, Italy): Crystal chemistry and implications for the crystallization conditions American Mineralogist 98 1017-1025	2013	Piano delle Concazze, Mt. Etna, Italy	0	293
0019915	Phlogopite	Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Scordari F, Mesto E (2013) 3T-phlogopite from Kasenyi kamafugite (SW Uganda): EPMA, XPS, FTIR, and SCXRD study American Mineralogist 98 709-717	2013	Kasenyi kamafugite, southwest Uganda	0	293
0020824	Phlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439	2012	southwest Uganda	0	293
0020823	Phlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439	2012	southwest Uganda	0	293
0020822	Phlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439	2012	southwest Uganda	0	293
0020821	Phlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439	2012	southwest Uganda	0	293
0020820	Phlogopite	Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439	2012	southwest Uganda	0	293
0017716	Phlogopite	Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466	2010	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0017715	Phlogopite	Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466	2010	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0017714	Phlogopite	Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466	2010	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0017713	Phlogopite	Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466	2010	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0017712	Phlogopite	Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466	2010	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004636	Phlogopite	Nazzareni S, Comodi P, Bindi L, Safonov O G, Litvin Y A, Perchuk L L (2008) Synthetic hypersilicic Cl-bearing mica in the phlogopite-celadonite join: a mulitmethodical characterization of the missing link between di- and tri- octahedral micas at high pressures American Mineralogist 93 1429-1436	2008	synthetic	0	293
0004555	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004554	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004553	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004552	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004551	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004550	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004549	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004548	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004547	Phlogopite	Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643	2008	trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004530	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004529	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004528	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004527	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004526	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004525	Phlogopite	Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437	2008	Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem,	0	293
0004306	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004305	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004304	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004303	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004302	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004298	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004297	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004296	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004295	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004294	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004293	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004292	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004291	Phlogopite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004301	Annite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004300	Annite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004299	Annite	Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480	2007	Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy	0	293
0004004	Phlogopite	Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190	2006	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004003	Phlogopite	Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190	2006	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0004002	Phlogopite	Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190	2006	Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy	0	293
0005752	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005751	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005750	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005749	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005748	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005747	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005746	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil T-O3 given as 1.663, but I compute 1.647 The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005745	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005744	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345	2001	Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil	0	293
0005602	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	White Well, Australia	0	293
0005601	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	White Well, Australia	0	293
0005600	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	White Well, Australia	0	293
0005599	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	White Well, Australia	0	293
0005598	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O,OH,F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	Silver Crater mine, Ontario, Canada	0	293
0005597	Phlogopite	Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720	1999	Silver Crater mine, Ontario, Canada	0	293
0003534	Phlogopite	Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653	2004		0.0001	293
0006977	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Kile D E, Poppi L (2003) Crystal structure and chemistry of lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas-3T European Journal of Mineralogy 15 349-355	2003		0	293
0006976	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Kile D E, Poppi L (2003) Crystal structure and chemistry of lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas-3T European Journal of Mineralogy 15 349-355	2003		0	293
0006975	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Kile D E, Poppi L (2003) Crystal structure and chemistry of lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas-3T European Journal of Mineralogy 15 349-355	2003		0	293
0002931	Siderophyllite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002927	Siderophyllite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002928	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002926	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002925	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002924	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002923	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002922	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002921	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002920	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002919	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002918	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002917	Phlogopite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002930	Annite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0002929	Annite	Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476	2002		0	293
0006911	Fluorophlogopite	Ferraris G, Gula A, Ivaldi G, Nespolo M, Sokolova E, Uvarova Y, Khomyakov A P (2001) First structure determination of an MDO-2O mica polytype associated with a 1M polytype European Journal of Mineralogy 13 1013-1023	2001		0	293
0002509	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Lugli C, Poppi L, Foord E E, Kile D E (2000) Crystal chemical variations in Li- and Fe-rich micas from Pikes Peak batholith (central Colorado) American Mineralogist 85 1275-1286	2000		0	293
0002508	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Lugli C, Poppi L, Foord E E, Kile D E (2000) Crystal chemical variations in Li- and Fe-rich micas from Pikes Peak batholith (central Colorado) American Mineralogist 85 1275-1286	2000		0	293
0002507	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Lugli C, Poppi L, Foord E E, Kile D E (2000) Crystal chemical variations in Li- and Fe-rich micas from Pikes Peak batholith (central Colorado) American Mineralogist 85 1275-1286	2000		0	293
0002506	Siderophyllite	Brigatti M F, Lugli C, Poppi L, Foord E E, Kile D E (2000) Crystal chemical variations in Li- and Fe-rich micas from Pikes Peak batholith (central Colorado) sample: 140(2) American Mineralogist 85 1275-1286	2000		0	293
0002399	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002398	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002397	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002396	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002395	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002394	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002393	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002392	Annite	Redhammer G J, Beran A, Schneider J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W (2000) Spectroscopic and structural properties of synthetic micas on the annite-siderophyllite binary: Synthesis, crystal structure refinement, Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy American Mineralogist 85 449-465	2000		0	293
0002213	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		0	293
0002210	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		0	293
0002208	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		0.0001	293
0002225	Phlogopite	Hawthorne F C, Teertstra D K, Cerny P (1999) Crystal-structure refinement of a rubidian cesian phlogopite American Mineralogist 84 778-781	1999		0	293
0005541	Annite	Drabek M, Rieder M, Viti C, Weiss Z, Fryda J (1998) Hydrothermal synthesis of a Cs ferruginous trioctahedral mica The Canadian Mineralogist 36 755-761	1998		0	293
0001822	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001821	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001820	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001819	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001818	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001817	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001816	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001815	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001814	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001813	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001812	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001811	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0001810	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927	1996		0	293
0006500	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006499	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006498	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006497	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006496	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006495	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0006494	Phlogopite	Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871	1993		0	293
0000385	Fluorophlogopite	Hazen R M, Burnham C W (1973) The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite American Mineralogist 58 889-900	1973		0	293
0000311	Fluorophlogopite	McCauley J W, Newnham R E, Gibbs G V (1973) Crystal structure analysis of synthetic fluorophlogopite American Mineralogist 58 249-254	1973		0	293
0000386	Annite	Hazen R M, Burnham C W (1973) The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite American Mineralogist 58 889-900	1973		0	293
0000114	Phlogopite	Steinfink H (1962) Crystal structure of a trioctahedral mica: Phlogopite American Mineralogist 47 886-889	1962		0	293
0000077	Phlogopite	Pabst A (1955) Redescription of the single layer structure of the micas American Mineralogist 40 967-974	1955		0	293
0000026	Phlogopite	Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771	1939		0	293
0000025	Phlogopite	Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771	1939		0	293
0000024	Phlogopite	Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771	1939		0	293
0002211	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		0	569
0002212	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		0	708
0003535	Phlogopite	Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653	2004		1.2	293
0003536	Phlogopite	Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653	2004		3.2	293
0000628	Fluorophlogopite	Hazen R M, Finger L W (1978) The crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. II. Phlogopite and chlorite American Mineralogist 63 293-296	1978		3.5	293
0002209	Tetraferriannite	Comodi P, Zanazzi P F, Weiss Z, Rieder M, Drabek M (1999) "Cs-tetra-ferri-annite:" High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of a potential nuclear waste disposal phase American Mineralogist 84 325-332	1999		3.94	293
0003537	Phlogopite	Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653	2004		5	293
0003538	Phlogopite	Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653	2004		6	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Fluorophlogopite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Scordari F'
'Schingaro E'
'Ventruti G'
'Nicotra E'
'Viccaro M'
'Tagliani S M'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 98 
_journal_year 2013
_journal_page_first 1017
_journal_page_last 1025
_publ_section_title
;
 Fluorophlogopite from Piano delle Concazze (Mt. Etna, Italy): Crystal chemistry
 and implications for the crystallization conditions
 Note: Sample E3
;
_database_code_amcsd 0020183
_chemical_compound_source 'Piano delle Concazze, Mt. Etna, Italy'
_chemical_formula_sum 'K.897 Si3.923 Mg2.767 Fe.232 O10 F2'
_cell_length_a 5.3237
_cell_length_b 9.2221
_cell_length_c 10.1159
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 100.249
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 488.723
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.878
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/m 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  'x,-y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,z'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
K   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.89700   0.03110
SiT   0.57472   0.16681   0.22370   0.98080   0.00900
MgM1   0.00000   0.50000   0.50000   0.76720   0.00980
FeM1   0.00000   0.50000   0.50000   0.23230   0.00980
MgM2   0.00000   0.83616   0.50000   0.79320   0.01110
MgM2   0.00000   0.83616   0.50000   0.20650   0.01110
O1   0.81700   0.23790   0.16507   1.00000   0.01870
O2   0.53060   0.00000   0.16580   1.00000   0.01830
O3   0.63090   0.16750   0.38995   1.00000   0.01040
F4   0.13020   0.00000   0.40050   1.00000   0.01290
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
K 0.03180 0.03120 0.02990 0.00000 0.00480 0.00000
SiT 0.00880 0.00830 0.00990 0.00000 0.00170 0.00010
MgM1 0.00870 0.00780 0.01350 0.00000 0.00320 0.00000
FeM1 0.00870 0.00780 0.01350 0.00000 0.00320 0.00000
MgM2 0.00770 0.01400 0.01150 0.00000 0.00140 0.00000
MgM2 0.00770 0.01400 0.01150 0.00000 0.00140 0.00000
O1 0.01730 0.02440 0.01450 -0.00160 0.00320 -0.00690
O2 0.02720 0.01280 0.01390 0.00000 0.00120 0.00000
O3 0.01050 0.01040 0.01020 0.00010 0.00160 0.00050
F4 0.01190 0.01420 0.01270 0.00000 0.00230 0.00000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Loading XRD data...

2θ (degrees) d-spacing (Å)

Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Synonyms of BiotiteHide

Biotite-Phlogopite Series

Biopyribole (in part)

Katzengold (in part)

Other Language Names for BiotiteHide

Catalan:Biotita

Czech:Biotit

Dutch:Biotiet

Estonian:Biotiit

Finnish:Biotiitti

French:Biotite

Galician:Biotita

German:Biotit
Dunkelglimmer
Hydroxylbiotit
Odenit
Oderit
Odit
Rhombenglimmer

Hebrew:ביוטיט

Italian:Biotite

Japanese:黒雲母

Korean:흑운모

Lithuanian:Biotitas

Polish:Biotyt

Portuguese:Biotite

Romanian:Biotit

Russian:Биотит

Serbian:Биотит

Simplified Chinese:黑云母

Slovak:Biotit

Spanish:Biotita
Aspidolita
Hydroxylbiotita
Odenita
Oderita
Odita

Turkish:Biyotit

Ukrainian:Біотит

Varieties of BiotiteHide

Anomite	Mica group. An anomalous (hence the name) variety of "biotite" which has its optic axial plane perpendicular to (010).
Barium- and Titanium-bearing Biotite	A barium- and titanium-bearing biotite mica.
Chlorine-bearing biotite	Has 1.73 to 2.32 wt% Cl (Urals material).
Chrom-Biotit	A Cr-bearing variety of biotite.
Chromium-bearing Biotite	A Cr-bearing variety of biotite.
Eastonite (of Winchell)	A variety of Biotite close to Eastonite.
Heterophyllite	Designation for a uniaxial biotite from Mangualde, Portugal.
Manganophyllite	A Mn-rich variety of biotite. A study of Knurr and Bailey (1986) showed that manganophyllite contains divalent Mn, unlike alurgite (Mn-bearing muscovite) which contains trivalent Mn. Originally described from Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Filipstad, Värmlan...
Mg(T) Mica	An aluminium-poor biotite.
Natronbiotite	A biotite with Na partially replacing K
Oxybiotite	An oxidized biotite which depleted in hydrogen and enriched in ferric iron (Ohta et al., 1982). Name not mentioned in the mica report.
Rubellan	Oxidized and dehydrogenated Biotite.
Titanium-bearing Biotite	Ti variety of Biotite
Wodanite	A Ti-rich biotite with 12.5% TiO₂.

Relationship of Biotite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Trioctahedral mica Group > Mica Group

Other Members of Trioctahedral mica:

Aspidolite	NaMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Balestraite	KLi₂V⁵⁺Si₄O₁₂	Mon. 2 : B2
Ephesite	NaLiAl₂(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂	Tric. 1 : P1
Garmite	CsLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂	Mon.
Hendricksite	KZn₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Kreiterite	CsLi₂Fe³⁺(Si₄O₁₀)F₂	Mon.
Lepidolite	A field name for the group of Li-rich micas in, or close to, the so-called Polylithionite-Trilithionite ...
Masutomilite	K(LiAlMn²⁺)[AlSi₃O₁₀]F₂	Mon. 2 : B2
Norrishite	KLiMn³⁺₂(Si₄O₁₀)O₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Orlovite	KLi₂Ti(Si₄O₁₀)OF	Mon. 2 : B2
Preiswerkite	NaMg₂Al(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Shirokshinite	K(NaMg₂)(Si₄O₁₀)F₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Shirozulite	KMn²⁺₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Sokolovaite	CsLi₂Al(Si₄O₁₀)F₂	Mon.
Suhailite	(NH₄)Fe²⁺₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Tainiolite	KLiMg₂(Si₄O₁₀)F₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Wonesite	(Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH,F)₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
'Zinnwaldite'	Mica Group.

Biotite Members:

Annite	KFe²⁺₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Eastonite	KMg₂Al(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon.
Fluorannite	KFe²⁺₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀F₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Fluorophlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀F₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Fluorotetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Fe³⁺Si₃O₁₀)F₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Oxyphlogopite	K(Mg,Ti,Fe)₃[(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](O,F)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Siderophyllite	KFe²⁺₂Al(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂	Mon.
Tetraferriannite	KFe²⁺₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Tetraferriphlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Fe³⁺)O₁₀(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Click on any node to view relationships. Formula-derived relationship network for the group members above. Use Find related species to add formula-neighbour species outside the current group view. Solid links show inferred chemical differences; dashed violet links show same-formula crystallographic differences. Hydration states are not treated as relationship changes. These relationships do not imply any real-world substitution reactions between these species.

RadioactivityHide

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Biotite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for BiotiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-677.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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References for BiotiteHide

Reference List:

Hall, A. Jean (1941) The relation between colour and chemical composition in the biotites. American Mineralogist, 26 (1) 29-33

Hall, A. Jean (1941) The relation between chemical composition and refractive index in the biotites. American Mineralogist, 26 (1) 34-41

Levinson, A. A., Heinrich, E. Wm. (1954) Studies in the mica group; single crystal data on phlogopites, biotites, and manganophyllites. American Mineralogist, 39 (11-12) 937-945

Schwartz, George Melvin (1958) Alteration of biotite under mesothermal conditions. Economic Geology, 53 (2) 164-177 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.53.2.164

Parry, William T., Nackowski, M. P. (1963) Copper, lead, and zinc in biotites from Basin and Range quartz monzonites. Economic Geology, 58 (7) 1126-1144 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.58.7.1126

Wones, David R., Eugster, Hans P. (1965) Stability of biotite: experiment, theory, and application. American Mineralogist, 50 (9) 1228-1272

Gottardi, G. (1967) On a systematic error in the X-ray determination of the iron content of chlorites and biotites. American Mineralogist, 52 (9-10) 1573-1574

DODGE, F. C. W., SMITH, V. C., MAYS, R. E. (1969) Biotites from Granitic Rocks of the Central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. Journal of Petrology, 10 (2) 250-271 doi:10.1093/petrology/10.2.250

Hormann, P. K., Morteani, G. (1969) On a systematic error in the X-ray determination of the iron content of chlorites and biotites: A discussion. American Mineralogist, 54 (9-10) 1491-1494

Hörmann, P. K.; Morteani, G. (1969) On a systematic error in the X-ray determination of octahedral Fe and Mg in biotites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 22 (4). 368-374 doi:10.1007/bf00400131

Lovering, T.G., Cooper, J.R., Drewes, H.D., and Cone, G.C. (1970) Copper in biotite from igneous rocks in southern Arizona as an ore indicator. USGS Professional Paper 700-B: 1-8.

Giardini, A. A., Hurst, V. J., Melton, C. E., Stormer, and John C. (1974) Biotite as a primary inclusion in diamond: Its nature and significance. American Mineralogist, 59 (7-8) 783-789

Kesler, S. E., Issigonis, Michael J., Brownlow, A. H., Damon, P. E., Moore, W. J., Northcote, K. E., Preto, V. A. (1975) Geochemistry of biotites from mineralized and barren intrusive systems. Economic Geology, 70 (3) 559-567 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.70.3.559

Takeda, Hiroshi, Ross, Malcolm (1975) Mica polytypism: Dissimilarities in the crystal structures of coexisting 1M and 2M1 biotite. American Mineralogist, 60 (11-12) 1030-1040

Rehrig, W.A. and McKinney, C.N. (1976) The distribution and origin of anomalous copper in biotite. Mining Engineering: 27, 68 pp.

Tulloch, A. J. (1979) Secondary Ca-Al silicates as low-grade alteration products of granitoid biotite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69 (2) 105-117 doi:10.1007/bf00371854

Evans, S., Raftery, E. (1980) X-ray photoelectron studies of titanium in biotite and phlogopite. Clay Minerals, 15 (3) 209-217 doi:10.1180/claymin.1980.015.3.01

Neiva, A.M.R. (1981) Geochemistry of hybrid granitoid rocks and of their biotites from central northern Portugal and their petrogenesis. Lithos, 14 (2) 149-163 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(81)90051-7

Ohta, T.; Takeda, H.; Takéuchi, Y. (1982) Mica polytypism: similarities in the crystal structures of coexisting 1M and 2M1 oxybiotite. American Mineralogist, 67 (3-4). 298-310

Dymek, Robert F. (1983) Titanium, aluminum and interlayer cation substitutions in biotite from high-grade gneisses, West Greenland. American Mineralogist, 68 (9-10) 880-899

Banos, Juan Olives, Amouric, Marc, Fouguet, Chantal De, Baronnet, Alain (1983) Interlayering and interlayer slip in biotite as seen by HRTEM. American Mineralogist, 68 (7-8) 754-758

Olives Baños, Juan; Amouric, Marc (1984) Biotite chloritization by interlayer brucitization as seen by HRTEM. American Mineralogist, 69 (9-10). p.869-871.

Olives Baños, Juan (1985) Biotites and chlorites as interlayered biotite-chlorite crystal. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 108 (5) 635-641 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1985.7879

Indares, A., Martignole, J. (1985) Biotite-garnet geothermometry in the granulite facies: the influence of Ti and Al in biotite. American Mineralogist, 70 (3-4) 272-278

Ash, L. A., Evans, S., Hiorns, A. G. (1987) Cation ordering in lepidolite and biotite studied by X-ray photoelectron diffraction. Clay Minerals, 22 (4) 375-386 doi:10.1180/claymin.1987.022.4.01

Banfield, Jillian F. (1988) Transmission Electron Microscope Study of Biotite Weathering. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36 (1) 47-60 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360107

Abrecht, Jürgen, Hewitt, David A. (1988) Experimental evidence on the substitution of Ti in biotite. American Mineralogist, 73 (11-12) 1275-1284

Mitchell, John G.; Penven, Marie-Josée; Ineson, Peter R.; Miller, John A. (1988) Radiogenic argon and major-element loss from biotite during natural weathering: A geochemical approach to the interpretation of potassium—argon ages of detrital biotite. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section, 72 (2). 111-126 doi:10.1016/0168-9622(88)90060-7

Anonymous (1990) Erratum to : Ti endmember composition of biotite. JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 85 (11). 537 doi:10.2465/ganko.85.11_537

Ikeda, Takeshi (1990) Ti endmember composition of biotite. Ti substitution in biotite from ryoke metamorphic rocks in the Yanai district. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 85 (8) 357-363 doi:10.2465/ganko.85.357

Walmsley, J. C., Lang, A. R. (1992) Oriented biotite inclusions in diamond coat. Mineralogical Magazine, 56 (382) 108-111 doi:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.382.13

Ilton, Eugene S.; Veblen, David R. (1993) Origin and mode of copper enrichment in biotite from rocks associated with porphyry copper deposits: a transmission electron microscopy investigation. Economic Geology, 88 (4). 885-900 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.885

ABDEL-RAHMAN, A.-F. M. (1994) Nature of Biotites from Alkaline, Calc-alkaline, and Peraluminous Magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35 (2) 525-541 doi:10.1093/petrology/35.2.525

Nijland, T., Verschure, R. and Maijler, C. (1994) Catalytic effect of biotite: formation of hydrogarnet lenses. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris): 318: 501-506.

Bigi, Simona, Brigatti, Maria Franca (1994) Crystal chemistry and microstructures of plutonic biotite. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 63-72

Kleemann, Ulrich; Reinhardt, Jürgen (1994) Garnet-biotite thermometry revisited: The effect of AlVI and Ti in biotite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (6). 925-942 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/6/0925

Kullerud, Kåre (1995) Chlorine, titanium and barium-rich biotites: factors controlling biotite composition and the implications for garnet-biotite geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120 (1). 42-59 doi:10.1007/bf00311007

STUSSI, J. M., CUNEY, M. (1996) Nature of Biotites from Alkaline, Calc-alkaline and Peraluminous Magmas by Abdel-Fattah M. Abdel-Rahman: A Comment. Journal of Petrology, 37 (5) 1025-1029 doi:10.1093/petrology/37.5.1025

ABDEL-RAHMAN, ABDEL-FATTAH M. (1996) Discussion on the Comment on Nature of Biotites in Alkaline, Calc-alkaline and Peraluminous Magmas. Journal of Petrology, 37 (5) 1031-1035 doi:10.1093/petrology/37.5.1031

Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36 (3) 905-912

Li, Gejing; Peacor, Donald R.; Essene, Eric J. (1998) The Formation of Sulfides During Alteration of Biotite to Chlorite-Corrensite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46 (6). 649-657 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1998.0460605

Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’yakonov, Yu. S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval’, P. V., Müller, G., Neiva, A. M. R., Radoslovich, E. W., Robert, J.-L., Sassi, F. P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D. R. (1999) Nomenclature of the micas. Mineralogical Magazine, 63 (2) 267-279 doi:10.1180/minmag.1999.063.2.13

Ibhi, A. and Nachit, H (2000) The substitution mechanism of Ba and Ti into phyllosilicate phases: the example of barium-titanium biotite. Annals of Chim. Sci. Mat. 25, 627-634.

Kullerud, Kåre (2000) Occurrence and origin of Cl-rich amphibole and biotite in the Earth’s crust — implications for fluid composition and evolution. In Hydrogeology of Crystalline Rocks. Springer Netherlands. p.205-225. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1816-5_9

Parry, W. T., Wilson, P. N., Moser, D., Heizler, M. T. (2001) U-Pb Dating of Zircon and 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Biotite at Bingham, Utah. Economic Geology, 96 (7) 1671-1683 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.96.7.1671

(2001) Biotite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Shabani, A. A.T., Lalonde, A. E., Whalen, J. B. (2003) Composition of biotite from granitic rocks of the Canadian Appalachian orogen: a potential tectonomagmatic indicator? The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (6). 1381-1396 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.6.1381

Chon, Chul-Min, Kim, Shin Ae, Moon, Hi-Soo (2003) Crystal Structures of Biotite At High Temperatures and of Heat-treated Biotite Using Neutron Powder Diffraction. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51 (5) 519-528 doi:10.1346/ccmn.2003.0510506

Machev, P., Klain, L., and Hecht, L. (2004) Mineralogy and chemistry of biotites from the Belogradchik pluton - some petrological implications for granitoid magmatism in north-west Bulgaria. Bulgarian Geological Society conference paper, Annual Scientific Conference “Geology 2004”, pp. 48-50. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255591087_MINERALOGY_AND_CHEMISTRY_OF_BIOTITES_FROM_THE_BELOGRADCHIK_PLUTON_-_SOME_PETROLOGICAL_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_GRANITOID_MAGMATISM_IN_NORTH_WEST_BULGARIA)

Ruiz Cruz, María Dolores (2004) Na biotite and intermediate Na-K biotite in schists from the Betic Cordilleras (Spain). Clays and Clay Minerals, 52 (5). 603-612 doi:10.1346/ccmn.2004.0520506

Nachit, Hassane; Ibhi, Abderrahmane; Abia, El Hassan; Ben Ohoud, Mohcine (2005) Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites and neoformed biotites. Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, 337 (16). 1415-1420 doi:10.1016/j.crte.2005.09.002

Ogorodova, L. P., Kiseleva, I. A., Mel’chakova, L. V., Shuriga, T. N. (2009) Formation enthalpy of natural annite and biotite. Geochemistry International, 47 (1) 105-108 doi:10.1134/s001670290901008x

Post, J.L., Crawford, S.M. (2014) Uses of near-infared spectra for the identification of clay minerals. Applied Clay Science, 95. 383-387 doi:10.1016/j.clay.2014.02.010

TANG, Pan; CHEN, Yuchuan; TANG, Juxing; WANG, Ying; ZHENG, Wenbao; LENG, Qiufeng; LIN, Bin; WU, Chunneng (2019) Advances in Research of Mineral Chemistry of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Biotites. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition, 93 (6). 1947-1966 doi:10.1111/1755-6724.14395

Moine, Bernard, de Parseval, Philippe, Rakotondrazafy, Michel, Ramambazafy, Andrianasolo (2019) Fluorine-controlled composition of biotite in granulites of Madagascar: the effect of fluorine on thermometry of biotite–garnet gneisses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 174 (9) doi:10.1007/s00410-019-1607-1

Aspiotis, Stylianos, Schlüter, Jochen, Redhammer, Günther J., Mihailova, Boriana (2022) Non-destructive determination of the biotite crystal chemistry using Raman spectroscopy: how far we can go? European Journal of Mineralogy, 34 (6). 573-590 doi:10.5194/ejm-34-573-2022

Hanlon, Dillon F., Andrews, G. Todd, Mason, Roger A., Hanlon, Dillon F., Andrews, G. Todd, Mason, Roger A. (2023) Influence of octahedral site chemistry on the elastic properties of biotite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 50 (1). 7 doi:10.1007/s00269-022-01230-5

Dubacq, Benoît, Forshaw, Jacob B. (2024) The composition of metapelitic biotite, white mica, and chlorite: a review with implications for solid-solution models. European Journal of Mineralogy, 36 (4). 657-685 doi:10.5194/ejm-36-657-2024

Rieder, Milan (2025) Potassium micas: a new treatment of literature data. Mineralogy and Petrology, 119 (2). 223-229 doi:10.1007/s00710-025-00914-4

Significant localities for BiotiteHide

Showing 19 significant localities out of 18,279 recorded on mindat.org.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Australia
Western Australia Ashburton Shire ⓘ Wittenoom	[Tetraferriannite] Miyano et al. (1983)

Canada
Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue La Vallée-de-l'Or RCM Réservoir-Dozois ⓘ Cabonga Reservoir	Olivier Langelier Collection

China
Inner Mongolia Baotou City Bayan Obo mining district Bayan Obo deposit ⓘ East Mine	[Fluorotetraferriphlogopite] Williams et al. (2010) +2 other references
Jiangsu Suzhou Suzhou City ⓘ Western suburb	[Fluorannite] Shen Ganfu et al. (2000)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Karlsruhe Region Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Waldbrunn Waldkatzenbach ⓘ Katzenbuckel	[var: Wodanite] Freudenberg (1919)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry	[Oxyphlogopite] Chukanov N.V. et al. (2010)

Italy
Sicily Metropolitan City of Catania Biancavilla ⓘ Mt Calvario	[Fluorophlogopite] Gianfagna et al. (2007) +1 other reference

Russia
Murmansk Oblast Kovdorsky District Kovdor Massif ⓘ Kovdor Zheleznyi Mine	[Tetraferriphlogopite] World of Stones 95: 5-6 +3 other references

Sweden
Värmland County Filipstad Persberg ore district Pajsberg ⓘ Harstigen Mine	[var: Manganophyllite] Igelström (1872) +1 other reference

USA
Colorado El Paso County ⓘ Pikes Peak	[Siderophyllite] Eckel et al. (1997)
Connecticut Tolland County Willington ⓘ Becker Quarry	Ague (1995) +1 other reference
Massachusetts Essex County ⓘ Rockport	[Annite] Dana et al. (1868) +1 other reference
New Jersey Sussex County Franklin ⓘ Fowler Quarry (Nichol Quarry; B. Nicoll Quarry; Nicoll Quarry; Nicol Quarry; Cellate Quarry)	[Fluorophlogopite, Phlogopite] Dunn (1995)
Ogdensburg Sterling Hill ⓘ Passaic pit (Marshall Mine; Passaic Mine)	[Phlogopite] Moritz (n.d.)
ⓘ Sterling Mine	[Fluorophlogopite] Tracy (1991)
Sparta Township ⓘ Lime Crest Quarry	[Phlogopite] Jaszczak (1997)
New York St. Lawrence County Pierrepont West Pierrepont ⓘ Selleck Road locality (Selleck Road tremolite locality)	[Phlogopite] Robinson et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Pennsylvania Northampton County Easton Chestnut Hill C.K. Williams Quarry complex ⓘ Sherrer Quarry	[Eastonite] The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +5 other references

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