ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (1897โ€“1954)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yitzhak Lamdan

    ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืœื™ื ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจื ืดื—, 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1897*, ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘-1917 ืœื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืดืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืด ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื•ื‘-1920 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‚ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžืŸ. ืขื“ 1921 ื ื™ืกื”, ืขื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืขื ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื˜ืจืคื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืœื—. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1915โ€“1922 ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืžื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืดืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขืžืœืด ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
    ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืžื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื•ื— (ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1908) ื•ื‘ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืขืžื ื–ื™ืงื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืคืดื’-ืชืจืคืดื“ (1923โ€“1924), ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด (ื”ื“ื™ื, 1927) ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื ืขืฉืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืชื•ืก ื”ืดืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸืด ื ื•ืกื— ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ, ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ืจืฆื— ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด. ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ืดืœื ื ื•ืชืงื” ื”ืฉืœืฉืœืชืด), ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ื• ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืžืฉืœื ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืขืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ื ื•ืฆืงื• ืœืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื ืžืจืฆืช, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื•ื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืงืฆื‘ (ืœืžื“ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช), ื”ืชืืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ื ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื”.
    ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืจืชืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช (ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 1930); ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื (1940); ืžื—ื ื™ื (1940); ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื (1945) โ€“ ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืดืžืกื“ื”ืด, ื•ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืœืกืคืจื•ืชื• ื•ืœืืจืฆื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื”-ื—ื“ืฉื”.
    ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœืžื“ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื”, ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืดื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืืด ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™-ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ืกื“ืจ-ื™ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื™ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช, ื™ื™ืกื“ ืœืžื“ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืžืชื—ืจื” ืœืžืžืกื“ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1933) ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1954). ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช, ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืกื•ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืกืงื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืจื™ื‘, ืืœื™ืฉืข ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื), ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืดืžื’ืŸืด ืฉื“ืื’ื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื—ืœืงื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืœ ืคื•ืžืจื ืฅ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื); ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืืœื ืจื•ื“, ืืคืจื™ื ืœื™ืกื™ืฆืงื™, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•, ืงืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืดืืคืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืืกืคืกืชืด ืžืืช ืกืณ ื™ื–ื”ืจ) ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืžืชื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
    ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžื“ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืžื ื ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื• (ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืงื‘ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ื’ืŸ) ื•ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื (1947). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืชืจ ืดื’ื•ืžื—ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืชืด ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉื–ื•ื”ืชื” ืขื ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืคื” ืดืฉื ื™ืจืด: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืจื™ื›ื, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื”ืจ, ืคื ื—ืก ืœื ื“ืจ, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื’ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ.
    ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื ืืกืคื” ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื›ืจืš ืื—ื“ (1963), ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื™ืจืชื•. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชื•  ื–ื›ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”.
    ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, 16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1954. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจื ื”ืคืจืก ืœืกืคืจื•ืช-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ.
* - ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจื ืดื— ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื ื•ืขื“ ืณืœื”ืฆืขื™ืจืณ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ - ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืฉืขืดื• 2015), ืขืžืณ ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืชื“ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ืžืกื“ื” : ืคื•ืื™ืžื”: ืคืœื™ื˜, ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”, ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”, ื‘ื“ืขืš ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื˜ืจื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื“ื™ื, ืชืจืคืดื–) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืดืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืณื“ื‘ื™ืจืณ ื•ืžืกื“ื”>
  • ื‘ืจืชืžื” ื”ืžืฉืœืฉืช : ืฉืœืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ - ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืดืฅ)
  • ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื : ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืจืงื™ ืฉื™ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืดืฉ)
  • ืžื—ื ื™ื : ืคืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืดืขืงื™ื‘ืืด (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื“)
  • ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื : ืฉืฉื” ืกื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืดื”)
  • ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืžืกื“ื”, ื‘ืจืชืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช, ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื—ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973) <ืžื‘ื•ื - ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฅ, ืชืฉื ืดื— 1998) <ืžื‘ื•ื, ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช - ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ>
  • ืžืกื“ื” : ืคื•ืืžื” (ืจืžืช ืืคืขืœ : ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ืชืฉืขืดื‘ 2011) <ืขื ืื™ื•ืจื™ ื ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ; ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ>
  • ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ : ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืณื’ื ื–ื™ืืณ: 13456/196 (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉืขืดื• 2015) <ื”ื”ื“ืจื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช - ืื‘ื™ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ ; ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช - ืื™ืชืžืจ ื“ืจื•ืจื™>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช : ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจืช / ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืจืฆืดื“-ืชืฉื˜ืดื•)
  • ืกื“ืจื™ื - ืžืืกืฃ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืดืงืจืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืดื‘) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™>
  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื : ืžืืกืฃ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืดื™, ืชืฉืดื“) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ>
  • ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื—ืดื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืณ ืฉืจื‘ืจืง, ืชืฉืดื–) <ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืงื•ื‘ืจืกืงื™>
  • ื™ื–ื›ืจ : ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช-ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื– 1955)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืื•ืคื™ื ื” -- ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืงืจ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื” ื“ื” ืื ื•ื ืฆื™ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืชืจืคืดื–)
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื / ืžืืช ื“ื–ืณืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืคืดื–)
  • ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืžืืช ื’ืณืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื : ืžืฆืคื”, 1928) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” - ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉ>
  • ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ืžื›ืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื˜)
  • ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงื•ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ : ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ / ืื“ื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืš ื“ื•ื™ื ื’ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืชืจืดืฅ)
  • ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืจ : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ืž. ื. ืืœื“ื ื•ื‘ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืจืฆืดื 1930)
  • ืื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื™ / ื“ื”ืŸ ื’ืคืœ ืžื•ืงืจื“ื–ืณื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื)
  • ืื™ื•ื‘ : ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื‘)
  • ืคืจื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ื™ื / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ื ืจื“ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื‘)
  • ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื / ืœื™ืื•ื ื”ืจื“ ืคืจื ืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆืดื‘)
  • ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงื™ื / ืคืื•ืœ ื“ื” ืงืจื™ืฃ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื‘-ืชืจืฆืดื“) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™-ืงืจื™ืฉื‘ืกืงื™>
  • ืžืกืชืจื™ ืงื•ืงื– / ืืกื“ ื‘ื™ [=ืœื‘ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื ื•ืกืžื‘ืื•ื] (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืฆืดื’)
  • ืื’ืจืช ืื•ืจื™ื” / ืžืืช ืืžื™ืœ ื‘ืจื ื”ืจื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ืžื”, ืชืจืฆืดื”) <ืžืชื•ืš: ืดื‘ืžื”ืด ื“ื•-ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”-ื•>
  • ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ / ืงืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœื™ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, 1935)
  • ื ืกืคืจ ื•ื ืฉืžืข : ืฉืœืฉ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื / ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช, ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฆืคื”, ืชืฉืดื“) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœื•ืช : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืจืขืžืกืก : ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ืžืœืš ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื—ื›ื : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ืžืฉื” : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืœืงื˜ ืขืจืš ื•ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื˜ืดื–) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœืณ ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืœืžื“ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ื™ื•ืžื ื™.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื— (1979), ืขืžืณ 166โ€“176, 258โ€“262, 265; ื›ืจืš ืžืดื˜, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1979), ืขืžืณ 40โ€“44, 224โ€“227, 311โ€“315; ื›ืจืš ื ืณ (1979โ€“1980), ืขืžืณ 5โ€“15; ืขืžืณ 132โ€“134 <ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืคืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 5โ€“6 (ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืข, ืžืืจืก 2010), ืขืžืณ 28โ€“29>
  • ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื™ื•ื—ืื™. ืดืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ื ื’ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ื ื•ืด? ื’ืœื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.  ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื’ืœืณ 42 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2014), ืขืžืณ 175โ€“206 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื>
  • ืืœืงื•ืฉื™, ื’ื“ืœื™ื”.  ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื“.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ื‘ื•ืจืœื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.  ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ื‘ืจืฉ, ืืฉืจ.  ืขืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 4 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ื‘ืจืชื™ื ื™, ืง. ื.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืš, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959), ืขืžืณ 404โ€“409 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืฉื“ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” : ืžืกื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 142โ€“152>
  • ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช.  ืดืขื™ื˜ ื•ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื•ืด (ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ) - ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ : ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื : ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื”ื˜ / ืขื•ืจืš, ืื‘ื™ ืฉื’ื™ื (ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ืจื›ืก ; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 2007), ืขืžืณ 31โ€“51.
  • ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืชืŸ.  ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ื”ืจืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื“ืจื•ื: ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก), ืฉื ื” ื™ืดื– ื’ืœืณ ื˜-ื™ (ืจื-ืจื‘) (ืชืฉืจื™-ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1954), ืขืžืณ 114โ€“115.
  • ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช.   ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื˜ (ืžืดื‘), ื’ืœืณ ื•ืณ  (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื”, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1964),  ืขืžืณ 471โ€“474 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืดืœ), ืขืžืณ 236โ€“242>
  • ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ื—ื™ื”. ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืดื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืด. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื’ืณ (1985), ืขืžืณ 287โ€“293.
  • ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ื—ื™ื”.  ื”ืณืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸืณ ื”ื‘ืจื ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” / ืขื•ืจืš ืคื ื—ืก ื’ื™ื ื•ืกืจ (ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989), ืขืžืณ 158โ€“177.
  • ื—ืงืง, ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ.  ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ <ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื ื–ืš>  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืคืดื’, ื’ืœืณ 5โ€“6 (ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืข, ืžืืจืก 2010), ืขืžืณ 28.
  • ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื–ืดืœ ื›ืขื•ืจืš.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ื’ืœืณ 26 (90) (ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, 17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1954), ืขืžืณ  1, 4.
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ื”.  ื”ืคืจื— ื•ื”ืคืจื™ : ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉืดื 1980), ืขืžืณ 58โ€“62.
  • ืžื•ืกืงื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืœื™. ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ืจืกืคืงื˜.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกื•ืคืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1990, ืขืžืณ 30โ€“32 <ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื•ืจืขื™ืชื• ืื ื ื™ ืœืžื“ืŸ>
  • ืžื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ <ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ>.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื— (1979), ืขืžืณ 177โ€“178, 192.
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘. ื ื•ืคื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื• : ืขื ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, 19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1954, ืขืžืณ 4 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ : ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1963), ืขืžืณ 96โ€“97>
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘. ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ : ืขืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ืžื•ืœื“, ื›ืจืš ื™ื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 77โ€“78 (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1954), ืขืžืณ 502โ€“504.
  • ืขื•ืคืจ, ืจื—ืœ.  ืดืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ืืด : ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• - ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื•ื—ื•ื” ืคื ื—ืก-ื›ื”ืŸ.  ื“ืจืš ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” - ืžื›ืœืœืช ืืคืจืชื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ ื–-ื— (ืชืฉืกืดื“-ืชืฉืกืดื” 2004โ€“2005), ืขืžืณ 171โ€“180.
  • ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 4 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ โ€“ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฉื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืดื ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949, ืขืžืณ 7.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™. ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1953), ืขืžืณ 68โ€“75.
  • ืคื ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืดื™.  ืดื”ืื ื™ ื”ืœื–ืด.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื’ืœืณ 6 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดืš, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1959), ืขืžืณ 401โ€“404.
  • ืคืจื—-ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™, ืฆื‘ื™.  ืฆืจื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ : 60 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืดื“ืจื›ื™ืด.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 57, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื (ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœืดื”, 20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1978), ืขืžืณ 166โ€“167.
  • ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืš.  ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ืžื•ืœื“, ื›ืจืš ื“ืณ (ืชืฉืดื™), ืขืžืณ 56โ€“59 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ : ืคืจืงื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื• 1966), ืขืžืณ 100โ€“109 ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ืชืฉืœืดื’ 1973), ืขืžืณ 100โ€“109>
  • ืงืจื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš [ืงืจื•ืคื ื™ืง].  ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื.  ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื™ืดื— ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949, ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ืงืจื™ื‘, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืืณ ื’ืœืณ 1 (ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1955), ืขืžืณ 2โ€“5.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืœืžื“ืŸ : ืขื ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื ืจ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื•, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1946, ืขืžืณ 3.
  • ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ืคื™ื™ื˜ืŸ-ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืจื™ื ื”.  ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืฉื ื” ื™ืดื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 56 (1978), ืขืžืณ 92โ€“101 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆืณืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ, 1982), ืขืžืณ 125โ€“134>
  • ืฉื›ื˜ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ืงื˜ื™ืฃ: ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ-ื™ืณ (ืชืฉืœืดื’), ืขืžืณ  238โ€“240.
  • ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉ.  ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, ืืคืจื™ื.  ืฉื™ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื–ื•ืจืข.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘-ื™ืดื’ (ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื™, 15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949), ืขืžืณ 5 <ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื>
  • ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, ืืคืจื™ื.  ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื•, ื’ืœืณ 1 (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืœืดื—, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืžืณ 18โ€“24, 14.
  • ืฉืคืืŸ, ืฉืœืžื”.  ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ : ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืงืจื ื™, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 145โ€“148 <ื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืณื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชืณ, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื‘ (ืงืคืดื•) (ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ-ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื˜ืดื•, ืขืžืณ 301โ€“303>
  • Silberschlag, Eisig. The Neo-liturgical poets: Isaac Lamdan, Judah Karni, Joseph Zevi Rimmon, Jacob Rimmon. In his From renaissance to renaissance : Hebrew literature from 1492-1970 (New York : Ktav Publishing House, 1973-1977), vol. 2, pp. 47-55.
ืขืœ ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด
  • ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™, ื–ืœื™ื’.   ืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื“ื” / ื–ืณ ื‘ื–ืฉืึธืกื˜ืึธื•ื•ื™ืขืฆืงื™ [=ื–ืœื™ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™] (ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืคืขืŸ, 1937) <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆืงื™ -- ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœืึธื ืกืงื™ -- ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ -- ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ>
  • ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืœืœ. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืงื“ื” - ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด.  ืคืกื™ืคืก, ื’ืœืณ 55 (2003), ืขืžืณ 2โ€“21.
  • ื”ื“ืจื™, ื“ื ื™. ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ: ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช.  ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื: ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืจืš ื—ืณ (ืชืฉื ืดื“), ืขืžืณ 147โ€“154.
  • ื–ื›ืื™, ืื‘ื™ื”ื•. ืžืกื“ื” - ืดืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื›ืื—ืชืด.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื— : ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื• ื–ื›ืื™, ืคื•ืœ ืžื ื“ืก-ืคืœื•ืจ, ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื™ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืขืดื” 2015), ืขืžืณ 130โ€“155 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืดื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด (ืžืฆื“ื”) : ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืฉื›ื— ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืืฆืดื’ ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ืด. ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืณื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 32 (ืชืžื•ื–-ืื‘ ืชืฉืขืดื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ 2015), ืขืžืณ 257โ€“270>
  • ื—ื ื ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ืฉืœ ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื“ื•ืจื•ืช: ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื“-ื˜ืดื• (ื˜ืดื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืดื™, 5 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1950), ืขืžืณ 26.
  • ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ.  ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืกื“ื”.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ืื”ืœื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื•), ืขืžืณ 61โ€“64.
  • ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ื”ื ื•ืงื ื‘ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ืฉืœ ืœืžื“ืŸ ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืฆืดื’.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืชื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ : ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื’ืœื•ืช, ื ืงื ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1998), ืขืžืณ 207โ€“215.
  • ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.  ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืฆื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืชื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ : ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื’ืœื•ืช, ื ืงื ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1998), ืขืžืณ 346โ€“355.
  • ืคืœื“ืžืŸ, ื™ืขืœ.  ื™ื•ืกืคื•ืก ืื• ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ?  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดืข, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010, ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ืฉื‘ื™ื“, ืืœื™. ืขื ืื—ืจื™ืชโ€“ืจืืฉื™ืช : ืดืžืกื“ื”ืด ืžืืช ื™. ืœืžื“ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›ืดื“ 1964), ืขืžืณ 93โ€“106.
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืžืขืœื” ืขืงืจื‘ื™ืืด
ืขืœ ืดืื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸืด
  • ื“ื™ืงืžืŸ, ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘. ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœืณ 331 (ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื ืดื˜, 30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1999), ืขืžืณ 12.
ืขืœ ืดืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืืด ืžืืช ืžื›ืก ื‘ืจื•ื“
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q2910537 J9U โ€“ 987007273550605171 NLI โ€“ 000409625 LC โ€“ n50039922 VIAF โ€“ 140619
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ