ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžืื™ (1902โ€“1979)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Meyer Hillel Ben-Shamay

    ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžืื™ (ืžื™ื™ื–ืœืจ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฅ, ืคืœืš ืœื•ืžื–ืณื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ) ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืกืดื‘, 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1902 ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžืื™ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœืจ. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ . ืœืžื“ ื‘ืดื—ื“ืจืด ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ. ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจืคืดื’ ื•ืขื“ ืงื™ืฅ ืชืจืฆืดื” (1935) ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืกืŸ. ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘-1933. ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžืื™ ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืชืจืฆืดื”. ืขืกืง ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ื’ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื”. ืขืกืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื. ืžืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉื˜ืดื• (1955) ื•ืื™ืœืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื•ืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.
    ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืดื  ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืดืคืจื™ื™ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸืด, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1929โ€“1930 (ืฉื™ื—ื”: ืดื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸืด. ื—ืชื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ: ืž. ื”. ืžื™ื™ื–ืœืขืจ) ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืดืœ ืคืจืฅ (ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ืดืžืขื•ื ื•ืชืด). ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจืฆืดื–, ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพื”ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช (ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช) ื•ืขื•ื“. ืกืคืจื™ื•: ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœืจ-ืžื–ืจ. ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ืชืจืฆืดื—. ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ), ืกืคืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช (ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื. ืชืฉืดื— ื•ืื™ืœืš), ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” (ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื–ื™ืงืชื” ืœื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช. ืชืฉื™ืดื˜), ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ (ืชืฉื›ืดื‘), ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื (ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจึพืชื”ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื‘ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื. ืชืฉืœืดื”). ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื™ืฆื ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ (ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืช: ืจืื™ืดื” ืงื•ืง, ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ. 1979). ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื”ึถืจ ื‘ืื‘ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืชืฉื›ืดื“). ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ืจืืš, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื. ื. ื”ืœื•ื™ (ืชืฉืœืดื).
    ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžืื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, 13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1979.

[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืœ ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื] 

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:
Wikidata โ€“ Q97146760 J9U โ€“ 987007304436305171 NLI โ€“ 000168313 LC โ€“ nr90016941 VIAF โ€“ 261679377 โ€ข 24450070
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021

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