Pyrite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Frank Ruehlicke
About Pyrite
Formula:
FeS2
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Pale brass-yellow
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
4.8 - 5
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in antiquity from the Greek "pyr" for "fire", because sparks flew from it when struck with another mineral or metal. Known to Dioscorides (~50 CE) and mentioned in book 5 of his 5-volume work "περι υληζ ιατρικηζ" (transliteration: "Peri hulēs iatrikēs"), both meaning "On Medical Material". "Purites lithos" (an umbrella term for both pyrite and chalcopyrite) was used (together with honey) to treat skin problems.
Dimorph of:
Pyrite Group.
The isometric (cubic) polymorph of orthorhombic marcasite. However, some pyrites may be trigonal (pseudo-cubic; Moëlo, 2023).
Compare UM1997-43-S:Fe.
Pyrite is a very common mineral and is one of the most common natural sulfides (the most common disulfide), found in a wide variety of geological environments from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins and as a constituent of metamorphic rocks. The brassy-yellow metallic colour of pyrite has in many cases lead to people mistaking it for Gold, hence the common nickname 'fool's gold'. Pyrite is quite easy to distinguish from gold: pyrite is much lighter and harder than gold and cannot be scratched with a fingernail or pocket knife.
At low temperatures, pyrite often forms as so-called framboids.
Pyrite is commonly found to contain minor nickel and forms a series with Vaesite, NiS2. Bravoite is a Ni-bearing variety of pyrite.
It usually contains minor cobalt, too, and forms a series with Cattierite, CoS2. Many pyrites contain minor As, see Arsenic-bearing Pyrite.
"Pb-bearing" pyrite has been described by Cabral et al. (2011) and Pačevski et al. (2012). It can also contain traces of other metals, including gold. Most of the foreign metal contents in pyrite can be traced back to metal nanoparticles (Deditius et al., 2011; Pačevski et al., 2012).
Pyrite will slowly oxidize in a humid environment and release sulfuric acid that is formed during the process. Well-crystallized specimens are generally relatively stable, while pyrite formed as sedimentary concretions has a tendency to decompose quickly (see Pyrite Decay).
According to Schmøkel et al. (2014), effective charges on sulfur and iron are ca. -1/3 and ca. +2/3, respectively. This is in opposition to the formal -1 and +2 charges as would be suggested by purely ionic bonding.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Pyrite.
The isometric (cubic) polymorph of orthorhombic marcasite. However, some pyrites may be trigonal (pseudo-cubic; Moëlo, 2023).
Compare UM1997-43-S:Fe.
Pyrite is a very common mineral and is one of the most common natural sulfides (the most common disulfide), found in a wide variety of geological environments from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins and as a constituent of metamorphic rocks. The brassy-yellow metallic colour of pyrite has in many cases lead to people mistaking it for Gold, hence the common nickname 'fool's gold'. Pyrite is quite easy to distinguish from gold: pyrite is much lighter and harder than gold and cannot be scratched with a fingernail or pocket knife.
At low temperatures, pyrite often forms as so-called framboids.
Pyrite is commonly found to contain minor nickel and forms a series with Vaesite, NiS2. Bravoite is a Ni-bearing variety of pyrite.
It usually contains minor cobalt, too, and forms a series with Cattierite, CoS2. Many pyrites contain minor As, see Arsenic-bearing Pyrite.
"Pb-bearing" pyrite has been described by Cabral et al. (2011) and Pačevski et al. (2012). It can also contain traces of other metals, including gold. Most of the foreign metal contents in pyrite can be traced back to metal nanoparticles (Deditius et al., 2011; Pačevski et al., 2012).
Pyrite will slowly oxidize in a humid environment and release sulfuric acid that is formed during the process. Well-crystallized specimens are generally relatively stable, while pyrite formed as sedimentary concretions has a tendency to decompose quickly (see Pyrite Decay).
According to Schmøkel et al. (2014), effective charges on sulfur and iron are ca. -1/3 and ca. +2/3, respectively. This is in opposition to the formal -1 and +2 charges as would be suggested by purely ionic bonding.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Pyrite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3314
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3314:1
Similar Names
| Apyrite | A synonym of 'Rubellite' | |
| Gyrite | A synonym of Siderite | |
| Hyperite | A synonym of 'Hypersthene' | |
| Paarite | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu1.7Pb1.7Bi6.3S12 |
| Perite | A valid IMA mineral species | PbBiClO2 |
| Prata | A synonym of Native Silver | |
| Tyrite | A synonym of 'Fergusonite' |
IMA Classification of Pyrite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+(S2)2-
Classification of Pyrite
2.EB.05a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
Dana 7th ed.:
2.12.1.1
2.12.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.9.3
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Py | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Py | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Py | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Py | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Py | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Py | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Pyrite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Pyrite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Pale brass-yellow
Streak:
Greenish-black
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=1505 - 1520 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {001}.
Indistinct on {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
4.8 - 5 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.01 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pyrite
Type:
Isotropic
Anisotropism:
Rarely anisotropic, due to polishing effects.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 38.2% |
| 440nm | 42.8% |
| 480nm | 48.5% |
| 520nm | 52.6% |
| 560nm | 54.6% |
| 600nm | 55.2% |
| 640nm | 56.0% |
| 680nm | 56.8% |
| 700nm | 57.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 57.0%.
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy white
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Pyrite
Mindat Formula:
FeS2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni,Co,As,Cu,Zn,Ag,Au,Tl,Se,V
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Mesoarchean to Quaternary : 2858 Ma to 0 Ma - based on 17 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.588 Ma to present day | Pleistocene | Formed in peat. |
| 2 | 46 Ma | Eocene | K-Ar |
| 3 | 46 Ma | Eocene | K-Ar |
| 4 | 70.4 ± 1.9 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Re-Os |
| 5 | 72 ± 4.4 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Re-Os |
| 6 | 73.9 ± 2 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Re-Os |
| 7 | 75.2 ± 1.8 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Re-Os |
| 8 | 88.4 ± 2.7 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Re-Os |
| 9 | 119.1 ± 3.9 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Rb-Sr |
| 10 | 122 ± 11 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Rb-Sr |
| 11 | 122.7 ± 3.3 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Rb-Sr |
| 12 | 123 ± 4.2 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Rb-Sr |
| 13 | 225 ± 12 Ma | Late/Upper Triassic | Re-Os |
| 14 | 458 to 400 Ma | Paleozoic | Re-Os |
| 15 | 2737 to 2683 Ma | Neoarchean | Re-Os |
| 16 | 2805 to 2749 Ma | Archean | Re-Os |
| 17 | 2858 to 2802 Ma | Mesoarchean | Re-Os |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Pyrite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3(2/m3) - Diploidal
Space Group:
Pa3
Setting:
Pa3
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.417 Å
Unit Cell V:
158.96 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Typically cubic or pyritohedral (pentagonal dodecahedral), sometimes octahedral and combinations are common, resulting in striated faces. Less frequently octahedral, most commonly massive, granular, and sometimes radiating, reniform, discoidal or globular.
Twinning:
On [110], interpenetrating ('Iron Cross Law'). Twin axis [001] and twin plane {011}, penetration and contact twins. Twinning on (111) was described by Nicol (1904), Goldschmidt and Nicol (1904) and Gaubert (1928), all of whom considered it rare.
Crystallographic forms of Pyrite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Pyrite no.1 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.2 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.3 - {210} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.7 - {210} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.8 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.14 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.59 - {321} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.86 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.92 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.251 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Pyrite no.565 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012730 | Pyrite | Rieder M, Crelling J C, Sustai O, Drabek M, Weiss Z, Klementova M (2007) Arsenic in iron disulfides in a brown coal from the North Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic International Journal of Coal Geology 71 115-121 | 2007 | Dul CSA mine, North Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012729 | Pyrite | Rieder M, Crelling J C, Sustai O, Drabek M, Weiss Z, Klementova M (2007) Arsenic in iron disulfides in a brown coal from the North Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic International Journal of Coal Geology 71 115-121 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012728 | Pyrite | Rieder M, Crelling J C, Sustai O, Drabek M, Weiss Z, Klementova M (2007) Arsenic in iron disulfides in a brown coal from the North Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic International Journal of Coal Geology 71 115-121 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000006 | Pyrite | Ramsdell L S (1925) The crystal structures of some metallic sulfides American Mineralogist 10 281-304 |  | 1925 | natural, unknown | 0 | 293 |
| 0007753 | Pyrite | Schmid-Beurmann P, Lottermoser W (1993) 57Fe-Moessbauer spectra, electronic and crystal structure of members of the CuS2-FeS2 solid solution series Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 571-577 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007752 | Pyrite | Schmid-Beurmann P, Lottermoser W (1993) 57Fe-Moessbauer spectra, electronic and crystal structure of members of the CuS2-FeS2 solid solution series Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 571-577 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000606 | Pyrite | Bayliss P (1977) Crystal structure refinement of a weakly anisotropic pyrite American Mineralogist 62 1168-1172 | | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000605 | Pyrite | Bayliss P (1977) Crystal structure refinement of a weakly anisotropic pyrite cubic model American Mineralogist 62 1168-1172 | | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017728 | Pyrite | Oftedal I (1928) Uber die Kristallstrukturen der verbindungen RuS2, OsS2, MnTe2 und AuSb2. Mit einem Anhang uber die Gitterkonstant von Pyrit Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 135 291-299 | 1928 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Pyrite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Chalcopyrite' | CuFeS2 |
| 'Marcasite' | FeS2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Twinned prismatic marcasite crystals attached along pyrite octahedron edges from Rensselaer, Indiana (Brock and Slater, 1978). See also Rakovan et al. (1995).
Pyrite on marcasite from northern Illinois, USA (Richards et al. 1995)
Pyrite on chalcopyrite from Ege-Khay, Yakutia, Russia (Novgorodova 1977).
Pyrite on marcasite from northern Illinois, USA (Richards et al. 1995)
Pyrite on chalcopyrite from Ege-Khay, Yakutia, Russia (Novgorodova 1977).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.128 Å | (35) |
| 2.7088 Å | (85) |
| 2.4281 Å | (65) |
| 2.2118 Å | (50) |
| 1.9155 Å | (40) |
| 1.6332 Å | (100) |
| 1.5640 Å | (14) |
| 1.5025 Å | (20) |
| 1.4479 Å | (25) |
| 1.2427 Å | (12) |
| 1.2113 Å | (14) |
| 1.1823 Å | (8) |
| 1.1548 Å | (6) |
| 1.1057 Å | (6) |
| 1.0427 Å | (25) |
| 1.0060 Å | (8) |
| 0.9892 Å | (6) |
| 0.9577 Å | (12) |
| 0.9030 Å | (16) |
| 0.8788 Å | (8) |
| 0.8565 Å | (8) |
| 0.8261 Å | (4) |
| 0.8166 Å | (4) |
| 0.7981 Å | (6) |
Comments:
ICDD 6-710
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Geological Setting:
Common in many rock types, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
Synonyms of Pyrite
Other Language Names for Pyrite
Basque:Pirita
Bosnian:Pirit
Catalan:Pirita
Czech:Pyrit
Danish:Pyrit
Dutch:Pyriet
Esperanto:Pirito
Estonian:Püriit
Finnish:Rikkikiisu
French:Pyrite
Galician:Pirita
Greek:Σπίνος
Hebrew:פיריט
Hungarian:Pirit
Japanese:黄鉄鉱
Lithuanian:Piritas
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Svovelkis
Polish:Piryt
Portuguese:Pirite
Romanian:Pirită
Russian:Пирит
Sicilian:Petra fucali
Simplified Chinese:黄铁矿
Slovak:Pyrit
Slovenian:Pirit
Spanish:Pirita
Pyrita
Sideropyrita
Pyrita
Sideropyrita
Traditional Chinese:黃鐵礦
Turkish:Pirit
Ukrainian:Пірит
Varieties of Pyrite
| Arsenic-bearing Pyrite | An arsenic-bearing variety of pyrite that may contain up to about 10 at.% of As (Abraitis et al., 2004). Not uncommon; often zoned. Arsenic may be present in different valence states. May contain submicroscopic gold. |
| Bravoite | A nickel-bearing variety of pyrite, part of a complete solid solution with the nickel analogue of pyrite, vaesite (NiS2). Originally reported from Ragra Mine (Minasragra), Junín, Cerro de Pasco, Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco Department, Peru. "Whe... |
| Cobalt-bearing Pyrite | A cobalt-bearing variety of pyrite. |
| Cobalt-nickel-pyrite (of Vernadsky) | A Ni- and Co-bearing pyrite. |
| Copper-bearing Pyrite | A copper-bearing variety of pyrite. The substitution of Cu for Fe results in changes in unit-cell parameter and Raman spectra (Pačevski et al., 2008). |
| Feather pyrite | Feather-shaped pseudomorphs of fine-grained pyrite after thin tabular pyrrhotite. Not uncommon in some sulphide ore deposits. |
| Gelpyrit | An arsenic-bearing gel form of iron disulphide. See also melnikovite. |
| Gold-bearing Pyrite | A gold-bearing variety of pyrite. Possibly a mixture of pyrite with submicroscopic native gold inclusions. |
| Hengleinite | A cobalt-bearing bravoite. First described from Müsen, Siegerland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. |
| Hepatic pyrite | Liver-coloured pyrite or marcasite. |
| Nadelpyrit | German name for acicular pyrite (literally 'needle pyrite'). |
| Nickel-bearing Pyrite | A nickel-bearing variety of pyrite. |
| Silver-bearing Pyrite | A silver-bearing pyrite, perhaps a mixture. |
| Telaspyrine | Once considered a tellurium-bearing variety of pyrite, but probably a mixture. |
| Thallium- and Arsenic-bearing Pyrite | A variety of pyrite rich in As and Tl. |
Relationship of Pyrite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pyrite Group:
| Aurostibite | AuSb2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Cattierite | CoS2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Dzharkenite | FeSe2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Erlichmanite | OsS2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Hauerite | MnS2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Insizwaite | PtBi2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Kruťaite | CuSe2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Trogtalite | CoSe2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Vaesite | NiS2 | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | Tric. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 12,008 photos of Pyrite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 8,111 photos of Pyrite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5,263 photos of Pyrite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 3,477 photos of Pyrite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 3,051 photos of Pyrite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 2,988 photos of Pyrite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 2,774 photos of Pyrite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 2,295 photos of Pyrite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 1,461 photos of Pyrite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 1,243 photos of Pyrite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.EB. | Selenolaurite | RuSe2 |
| 2.EB. | Andrieslombaardite | RhSbS |
| 2.EB. | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 |
| 2.EB. | Kanatzidisite | (SbBiS3)2Te2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Vaesite | NiS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Hauerite | MnS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Laurite | RuS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 |
| 2.EB.05a | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 |
| 2.EB.05a | Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Erlichmanite | OsS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Geversite | PtSb2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Cattierite | CoS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Trogtalite | CoSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a v | 'Cayeuxite' | |
| 2.EB.05a | Kruťaite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Insizwaite | PtBi2 |
| 2.EB.05b | Bambollaite | Cu(Se,Te)2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 2.EB.10e | Paracostibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10f | Oenite | CoSbAs |
| 2.EB.10e | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Mattagamite | CoTe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Frohbergite | FeTe2 |
| 2.EB.10d | Costibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10b | Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS |
| 2.EB.10c | Glaucodot | (Co0.50Fe0.50)AsS |
| 2.EB.10a | Petříčekite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Kullerudite | NiSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Ferroselite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.15b | Seinäjokite | FeSb2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 |
| 2.EB.15c | Paxite | CuAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Nisbite | NiSb2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Löllingite | FeAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Safflorite | (Co,Ni,Fe)As2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Omeiite | OsAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Anduoite | RuAs2 |
| 2.EB.20 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Mayingite | IrBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Paragersdorffite | Ni(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Orthogersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Sulfopadmaite | PdBiS |
| 2.EB.25 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Cobaltite | CoAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Guixiangite | NiBiS |
| 2.EB.25 | Testibiopalladite | PdSbTe |
| 2.EB.25 va | 'Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite' | Ni(As,Sb)S |
| 2.EB.25 | Kalungaite | PdAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Milotaite | PdSbSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Tolovkite | IrSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | 'Platarsite' | Pt(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Willyamite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Changchengite | IrBiS |
| 2.EB.25 | Kvačekite | NiSbSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Krutovite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Padmaite | PdBiSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
| 2.EB.30 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 |
| 2.EB.35 | Rheniite | ReS2 |
Fluorescence of Pyrite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube gives a sublimate of sulfur and a magnetic residue.
Notes:
Insoluble in HCl. Decomposed by nitric acid.
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Many pyrites will tarnish over time, and some will even break down iron sulphates and sulfuric acid. This can be mitigated somewhat by storage in low-humidity environments but is hard to stop once started. See Pyrite Decay.
Health Risks:
Some fine-grained pyrite is metastable and may alter to iron sulfates and sulphuric acid (see Pyrite Decay). Always wash hands after handling, especially decrepitated material. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
Pyrite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Pyrite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3314.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Pyrite
Reference List:
Bannister, F. A. (1932) The distinction of pyrite from marcasite in nodular growths. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 23 (138) 179-187 doi:10.1180/minmag.1932.023.138.04
Heiremann, Fr. (1941) Die isomorphen Beziehungen von Μn, Zn, Co, Ni und Cu zu Pyrit und Magnetkies. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 103 (1-6). 168-177 doi:10.1524/zkri.1941.103.1.168
Kopp, O. C., Kerr, P. F. (1958) Differential thermal analysis of pyrite and marcasite. American Mineralogist, 43 (11-12) 1079-1097
Frenzel, Gerhard, Bloss, F. Donald (1967) Cleavage in pyrite. American Mineralogist, 52 (7-8) 994-1002
Berner, R. A. (1970) Sedimentary pyrite formation. American Journal of Science, 268 (1) 1-23 doi:10.2475/ajs.268.1.1
Yund, R. A., Hall, H. T. (1970) Kinetics and Mechanism of Pyrite Exsolution from Pyrrhotite. Journal of Petrology, 11 (2) 381-404 doi:10.1093/petrology/11.2.381
Pabst, A. (1971) Pyrite of unusual habit simulating twinning from the Green River formation of Wyoming. American Mineralogist, 56 (1-2) 133-145
Sweeney, R. E., Kaplan, I. R. (1973) Pyrite Framboid Formation; Laboratory Synthesis and Marine Sediments. Economic Geology, 68 (5) 618-634 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.618
Endo, Yuji, Sunagawa, Ichiro (1973) Positive and negative striations in pyrite. American Mineralogist, 58 (9-10) 930-935
Lutz, H. D.; Willich, P. (1974) Gitterschwingungsspektren. IX. Pyritstruktur. FIR‐Spektren und Normalkoordinatenanalyse von MnS2, FeS2 und NiS2. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 405 (2). 176-182 doi:10.1002/zaac.19744050207
Fleet, M. E. (1975) Structural chemistry of marcasite and pyrite type phases. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 142 (5-6). 332 doi:10.1524/zkri.1975.142.5-6.332
Bayliss, Peter (1977) Crystal structure refinement of a weakly anisotropic pyrite. American Mineralogist, 62 (11-12) 1168-1172
Novgorodova, M. I. (1977) A case of epitaxial growth of pyrite crystals on chalcopyrite. International Geology Review, 19 (12) 1457-1460 doi:10.1080/00206817709471160
Brock, Kenneth J., Slater, Larry D. (1978) Epitaxial marcasite on pyrite from Rensselaer, Indiana. American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2) 210-212
Ostwald, Joseph, England, Brian M. (1979) The relationship between euhedral and framboidal pyrite in base-metal sulphide ores. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (326) 297-300 doi:10.1180/minmag.1979.043.326.13
Raiswell, R. (1982) Pyrite texture, isotopic composition and the availability of iron. American Journal of Science, 282 (8) 1244-1263 doi:10.2475/ajs.282.8.1244
Gait, R. I., Dumka, D. (1986) Morphology of pyrite from the Nanisivik mine, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. The Canadian Mineralogist, 24 (4) 685-688
Bayliss, Peter (1989) Crystal chemistry and crystallography of some minerals within the pyrite group. American Mineralogist, 74 (9-10) 1168-1176
Schoonen, M. A. A., Barnes, H. L. (1991) Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: I. Nucleation of FeS2 below 100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (6) 1495-1504 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90122-l
Schoonen, M. A. A., Barnes, H. L. (1991) Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: II. Via FeS precursors below 100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (6) 1505-1514 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90123-m
Schoonen, M.A.A, Barnes, H.L (1991) Mechanisms of pyrite and marcasite formation from solution: III. Hydrothermal processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (12) 3491-3504 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90050-f
Craig, James R., Vokes, Frank M. (1993) The metamorphism of pyrite and pyritic ores: an overview. Mineralogical Magazine, 57 (386) 3-18 doi:10.1180/minmag.1993.057.386.02
Libowitzky, Eugen (1994) Anisotropic pyrite: A polishing effect. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 21 (1) doi:10.1007/bf00205220
Rakovan, John, Schoonen, Martin A. A., Reeder, Richard J., Tyrna, Paul, Nelson, Daniel O. (1995) Epitaxial overgrowths of marcasite on pyrite from the Tunnel and Reservoir Project, Chicago, Illinois, USA: Implications for marcasite growth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (2) 343-346 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00320-l
Dodony, Istvan, Posfal, Mihaly, Buseck, Peter R. (1996) Structural relationship between pyrite and marcasite. American Mineralogist, 81 (1) 119-125 doi:10.2138/am-1996-1-215
Wilkin, R. T., Barnes, H. L. (1996) Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (21) 4167-4179 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(97)81466-4
Wilkin, R. T., Barnes, H. L., Brantley, S. L. (1996) The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: An indicator of redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (20) 3897-3912 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00209-8
Wilkin, R. T., Barnes, H. L. (1997) Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61 (2) 323-339 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00320-1
Fleet, Michael E., Mumin, A. Hamid (1997) Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis. American Mineralogist, 82 (1) 182-193 doi:10.2138/am-1997-1-220
Maddox, L. M., Bancroft, G. Michael, Scaini, M. J., Lorimer, J. W. (1998) Invisible gold: Comparison of Au deposition on pyrite and arsenopyrite. American Mineralogist, 83 (11). 1240-1245 doi:10.2138/am-1998-11-1212
Nesbitt, H. W., Bancroft, G. M., Pratt, A. R., Scaini, M. J. (1998) Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces. American Mineralogist, 83 (9) 1067-1076 doi:10.2138/am-1998-9-1015
Schaufuß, Andrea G., Nesbitt, H. Wayne, Kartio, Ilkka, Laajalehto, Kari, Bancroft, G. Michael, Szargan, Rüdiger (1998) Reactivity of surface chemical states on fractured pyrite. Surface Science, 411 (3) 321-328 doi:10.1016/s0039-6028(98)00355-0
Nesbitt, H.W., Scaini, M., Höchst, H., Bancroft, G.M., Schaufuss, A.G., Szargan, R. (2000) Synchrotron XPS evidence for Fe2+-S and Fe3+-S surface species on pyrite fracture-surfaces, and their 3D electronic states. American Mineralogist, 85 (5) 850-857 doi:10.2138/am-2000-5-628
Uhlig, I, Szargan, R, Nesbitt, H.W, Laajalehto, K (2001) Surface states and reactivity of pyrite and marcasite. Applied Surface Science, 179. 222-229 doi:10.1016/s0169-4332(01)00283-5
Abraitis, P. K., Pattrick, R. A. D., Vaughan, D. J. (2004) Variations in the compositional, textural and electrical properties of natural pyrite: a review. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 74 (1) 41-59 doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2003.09.002
Ohfuji, Hiroaki, Rickard, David (2005) Experimental syntheses of framboids—a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 71 (3) 147-170 doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.001[on framboidal pyrite]
Chouinard, A., Paquette, J., Williams-Jones, A. E. (2005) Crystallographic controls on trace-element incorporation in auriferous pyrite from the Pascua epithermal high-sulfidation deposit, Chile-Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (3) 951-963 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.3.951
Bonev, Ivan K., Garcia-Ruiz, Juan Manuel, Atanassova, Radostina, Otalora, Fermin, Petrussenko, Svetoslav (2006) Genesis of filamentary pyrite associated with calcite crystals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (6) 905-913 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0905
Blanchard, Marc, Alfredsson, Maria, Brodholt, John, Wright, Kate, Catlow, C. Richard A. (2007) Arsenic incorporation into FeS2 pyrite and its influence on dissolution: A DFT study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71 (3) 624-630 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.09.021
Tan, Zheng, Su, Xuping, Li, Zhi, Liu, Ya, Wang, Jianhua (2007) Phase equilibria in the Zn–Fe–S system at 450°C. International Journal of Materials Research, 98 (1) 16-20 doi:10.3139/146.101435
Gramp, Jonathan P., Bigham, Jerry M., Jones, F. Sandy, Tuovinen, Olli H. (2010) Formation of Fe-sulfides in cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175. 1062-1067 doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.119
Deditius, Artur P.; Utsunomiya, Satoshi; Reich, Martin; Kesler, Stephen E.; Ewing, Rodney C.; Hough, Robert; Walshe, John (2011) Trace metal nanoparticles in pyrite. Ore Geology Reviews, 42 (1). doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.03.003
Cabral, A. R., Beaudoin, G., Munnik, F. (2011) Lead in diagenetic pyrite: evidence for Pb-tolerant bacteria in a red-bed Cu deposit, Quebec Appalachians, Canada. Mineralogical Magazine, 75 (2) 295-302 doi:10.1180/minmag.2011.075.2.295
Pačevski, A., Moritz, R., Kouzmanov, K., Marquardt, K., Živković, P., Cvetković, L. (2012) Texture and composition of Pb-bearing pyrite from the Čoka Marin polymetallic deposit, Serbia, controlled by nanoscale inclusions. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (1). 1-20 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.1.1
Schmøkel, Mette S., Bjerg, Lasse, Cenedese, Simone, Jørgensen, Mads R. V., Chen, Yu-Sheng, Overgaard, Jacob, Iversen, Bo B. (2014) Atomic properties and chemical bonding in the pyrite and marcasite polymorphs of FeS2: a combined experimental and theoretical electron density study. Chem. Sci., 5 (4). 1408-1421 doi:10.1039/c3sc52977k
Overgaard, Jacob, Schmøkel, Mette, Bjerg, Lasse, Cenedese, Simone, Jørgensen, Mads, Chen, Yu-Sheng, Iversen, Bo (2014) Synchrotron charge density studies of chemical bonding in the polymorphs of FeS2. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 70 (a1). C1338 doi:10.1107/s2053273314086616
Rečnik, Aleksander, Zavašnik, Janez, Jin, Lei, Čobić, Andrea, Daneu, Nina (2016) On the origin of 'iron-cross' twins of pyrite from Mt. Katarina, Slovenia. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (6) 937-948 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.073
Le Pape, Pierre, Blanchard, Marc, Brest, Jessica, Boulliard, Jean-Claude, Ikogou, Maya, Stetten, Lucie, Wang, Shuaitao, Landrot, Gautier, Morin, Guillaume (2017) Arsenic Incorporation in Pyrite at Ambient Temperature at Both Tetrahedral S–I and Octahedral FeII Sites: Evidence from EXAFS–DFT Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 51 (1). 150-158 doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03502
Becherini, Francesca, Del Favero, Letizia, Fornasiero, Mariagabriella, Guastoni, Alessandro, Bernardi, Adriana (2018) Pyrite Decay of Large Fossils: The Case Study of the Hall of Palms in Padova, Italy. Minerals, 8 (2) 40 doi:10.3390/min8020040
Arrouvel, Corinne, Eon, Jean-Guillaume (2018) Understanding the Surfaces and Crystal Growth of Pyrite FeS2. Materials Research, 22 (1). e20171140 doi:10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-1140
Gregory, Daniel David, Kohn, Matthew J. (2020) Pyrite: Fool's gold records starvation of bacteria. American Mineralogist, 105 (2) 282-283 doi:10.2138/am-2020-7234
Zhu, Qiaoqiao; Cook, Nigel J.; Xie, Guiqing; Wade, Benjamin P.; Ciobanu, Cristiana L. (2020) Arsenic-induced downshift of Raman band positions for pyrite. Economic Geology, 115 (7). 1589-1600 doi:10.5382/econgeo.4770
Zhang, He, Qian, Gujie, Cai, Yuanfeng, Gibson, Christopher, Pring, Allan (2022) Crystal chemistry of arsenian pyrites: A Raman spectroscopic study. American Mineralogist, 107 (2) 274-281 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7806
Chen, Juan, Li, Heping, Yuan, Yi, Zhang, Mengxue, Shuai, Shuhang, Wan, Jingjing (2022) Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Pyrite at High Pressure and High Temperature. Minerals, 12 (3) 332 doi:10.3390/min12030332
Arrouvel, Corinne (2022) Crystal shapes, triglyphs, and twins in minerals: The case of pyrite. American Mineralogist, 107 (12) 2251-2260 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8280
Moëlo, Yves, Nespolo, Massimo, Farges, François (2023) Pyrite contact twins. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 79 (1) 32-45 doi:10.1107/s2052520622011714
Moëlo, Yves (2023) Pseudo-cubic trigonal pyrite from the Madan Pb–Zn ore field (Rhodope Massif, Bulgaria): morphology and twinning. European Journal of Mineralogy, 35 (3) 333-346 doi:10.5194/ejm-35-333-2023
Chivers, Tristram, Oakley, Richard T. (2023) Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of Polysulfide Radical Anions: A Theoretical Perspective. Molecules, 28 (15). 5654 doi:10.3390/molecules28155654
Li, Hengxu, Zhang, Zhaochong, Zhang, Ruixuan, Xie, Qiuhong, Zhang, Lei, Santosh, M. (2024) Geochemical discrimination of pyrite in diverse ore deposit types through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques. American Mineralogist, 109 (5) 846-857 doi:10.2138/am-2023-8976
Migaszewski, Zdzisław M.; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Migaszewski, Andrzej; Zieliński, Grzegorz (2025) The use of microtextural and arsenic markers in the study of pyrite framboids and microcrystals. Geological Quarterly, 69 (1). 8 doi:10.7306/gq.1781
Ferreira, Amira R.; González-Jiménez, José María; Yesares, Lola; Blanco-Quintero, Idael F.; Piña, Rubén; Gervilla, Fernando (2025) Nanogeochemistry of Ni, Co, and Cu in zoned marcasite-pyrite crystals. American Mineralogist, 110 (11). 1737-1755 doi:10.2138/am-2024-9508
Significant localities for Pyrite
Showing 60 significant localities out of 50,579 recorded on mindat.org.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Meixner (1968) |
| Niedermayr (1986) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| R. Hasler Collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Vassileva et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Gait et al. (1986) +2 other references |
| Rod Tyson Personal Communication (RWMW) |
| R.J Traill 1983 +2 other references |
| Oscar Jose Tessari (1979) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Jingye Jiang et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Alain Steinmetz and Thierry Brunsperger ... |
| Leboucher (1999) |
Germany | |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| Zeschke (1963) +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| Flannery (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Stephen Moreton (Pers. Comm.) +1 other reference | |
| Gasparrini (1978) +4 other references | |
Italy | |
| Panichi (1909) |
| Panichi (1909) +1 other reference | |
| Panichi (1909) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Orlandi et al. (2004) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) +3 other references |
Norway | |
| Revheim (2006) |
Peru | |
| - (1997) +2 other references |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... +2 other references |
| collections of Rock Currier +1 other reference |
| - (1997) |
| Scherkenbach et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Burkart-Baumann +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Grant et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Calvo et al. (1989) |
| Calvo et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Calvo et al. (1989) | |
| Calvo et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
Turkey | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
USA | |
| Anonymous. (1965) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (1961) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 34: 3. +3 other references |
| Williams (circa 1945) +1 other reference |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +4 other references |
| J. Zolan/M. Polletta observation |
| P Cristofono collection +1 other reference |
| S Pavadore collection |
| James Roush' Collection |
| Rocks & Min.:64:23 +1 other reference |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +2 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gosse (1962) +2 other references |
| Mike polletta collected pyrite with his ... |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| "Arthur Koch - collection" |
| Cement Industry Technical Conference et al. (s) |
| Piela (1961) |
| Rocks & Min.: 15:117 +1 other reference |
| Eric He's Collection +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) +3 other references |
| Lasmanis +2 other references |
Quick NavTopAbout PyriteUnique IdentifiersSimilar NamesIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPronunciation Physical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Age distributionCrystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureEpitaxial Relationships X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentSynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatFluorescence Other InformationPyrite in petrologyInternet Links References Significant localities Locality List
Ampliación a Victoria Mine, Navajún, La Rioja, Spain