Hypersthene
A discredited species name
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Hypersthene
Formula:
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Colour:
Greyish white
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
5½ - 6
An unnecessary name for a member of Enstatite-Ferrosilite series; name discredited by the CNMMN Pyroxene Subcommittee (1988).
Regarded as a synonym of enstatite or ferrosilite, but commonly regarded as a mid-way member between these two end-members. Most "hypersthene" is ferroan enstatite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hypersthene.
Regarded as a synonym of enstatite or ferrosilite, but commonly regarded as a mid-way member between these two end-members. Most "hypersthene" is ferroan enstatite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hypersthene.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1995
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1995:4
IMA Classification of Hypersthene
Discredited
Pronunciation of Hypersthene
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hypersthene
Optical Data of Hypersthene
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.669 - 1.755 nβ = 1.674 - 1.763 nγ = 1.68 - 1.773
2V:
Measured: 70° to 90°, Calculated: 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.011 - 0.018
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Chemistry of Hypersthene
Mindat Formula:
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Synonyms of Hypersthene
Other Language Names for Hypersthene
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 87 photos of Hypersthene associated with 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' | |
| 71 photos of Hypersthene associated with 'Meteoritic Iron' | |
| 9 photos of Hypersthene associated with Native Iron | Fe |
| 8 photos of Hypersthene associated with 'Labradorite' | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| 7 photos of Hypersthene associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 5 photos of Hypersthene associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 3 photos of Hypersthene associated with Cristobalite | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Hypersthene associated with 'Bronzite' | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| 2 photos of Hypersthene associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 2 photos of Hypersthene associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Hypersthene in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Hypersthene
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1995.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hypersthene
Reference List:
Hoffmann, C.A.S. (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C.A.S. Hoffmann. Bergmännisches Journal, 2 (1) 369-398Labradorische hornblende
Walls, Ronert (1935) A critical review of the data for a revision of the enstatite-hypersthene series. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 24 (150) 165-172 doi:10.1180/minmag.1935.24.150.04
Localities for Hypersthene
Showing 560 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024) |
Antarctica | |
| Ellis et al. (1980) |
| Proceedings of the VII International ... +1 other reference |
| Dewar (1970) |
| Bell (1984) |
| Smellie et al. (1984, March) | |
| Barton (1965) | |
Argentina | |
| ECHAVARRIA |
| Peña (1970) | |
Australia | |
| doi.org/10.1080/00167616508728596 +4 other references | |
| Lovering (1975) |
| Crawford (1973) |
| Hensen et al. (1979) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Schön (1989) +3 other references | |
| Le Maitre (1989) +2 other references |
| Phil Schmitz colln |
| Duggan +3 other references |
| Wellman et al. (1974) +2 other references | |
| Wilson (1977) |
| Wilson (1977) | |
| Tomioka et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Edwards et al. (1953) |
| ROSS et al. (1987) |
| Crooks et al. (2003) |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references | |
| Taranovic et al. (2022) |
| |
| |
| Campbell et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references |
| Eilu (2003) |
| McCall (1966) +1 other reference |
| Spaggiari et al. (2011) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| a comparison with the Stillwater ... +1 other reference |
| Hassan (2014) | |
| |
| Simpson (1948) |
| McCall (1965) +1 other reference |
| E. Simpson +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Ravasz et al. (1977) |
| Carswell (1991) |
| Libowitzky et al. (2012) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| "Aus der Tiefe der Vulkane" (2011) |
Belarus | |
| Mason B. (1979) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| en.wikipedia.org (2005) |
Brazil | |
| E.P. Oliveira (1995) +1 other reference |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) | |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) | |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) |
| www.meteorito.com.br (2011) |
| Revista Brasileira de Geociências 30 (1) |
| Pinto (1996) |
| Chris D. Parkinson et al. | |
| Duke et al. (1967) |
Cameroon | |
| Vincent +9 other references |
Canada | |
| Short et al. (1930) |
| Reamsbottom (1971) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| 182. +2 other references |
| Evans |
| Vale SA |
| Meng et al. (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2024) |
| Kawohl et al. (2020) |
| Blackburn (1969) |
| OGS OFR5329 |
| G. M. Schwartz (1924) |
| Coleman (1900) |
| Smith (2021) |
| Velthuizen (1993) |
| Katz (1970) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Moorhouse et al. (1963) |
| May 1984 +4 other references |
| |
| Morisset CE (2001) |
| Miller (2021) | |
| Gleeson ( 1970) |
Cape Verde | |
| Shaw et al. (2006) +3 other references |
Chad | |
| Vincent (Sahara du Tchad) +4 other references |
China | |
| Martin et al. (2004) +3 other references |
| Li et al. (2004) |
| Lishe Wang et al. (2008) |
| Yongzhang Zhou (1992) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Jing Sun et al. (2009) |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 | |
| Jian Shao et al. (2004) |
| Shuneng Liang et al. (2009) |
| Xingjie Jia et al. (2012) |
| Hu et al. (2024) |
| Yang et al. (2022) |
| Jia Cai et al. (2013) |
| DING et al. (2000) |
| Youbin Liang (1981) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Fleischer et al. (1978) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Jiang et al. (2024) |
| Huai-Kun Li et al. (2006) |
| Zhang Anda et al. (2004) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Pei et al. (2025) |
| Xianfan Liu et al. (2009) |
| Yingwen Xie and Yuquan Zhang (1989) |
| Wang et al. (2006) |
Comoros | |
| Flower (1972) +3 other references | |
Czech Republic | |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Waldmann (1931) |
| von Engelhardt (1963) |
Denmark | |
| Pedersen et al. (1975) +1 other reference | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Broda et al. (2022) |
Ecuador | |
| Geist et al. (1986) |
Egypt | |
| Zoheir et al. (2024) |
El Salvador | |
| ... |
Federated States of Micronesia | |
| Stark et al. (1963) +2 other references | |
| Mattey (1982) +2 other references | |
| Yagi (1960) +4 other references | |
Finland | |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (1999) |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| LACROIX A. (1892) |
| F. André and J. Béhien |
| F. André and J. Béhien | |
| |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Brousse (1978) +2 other references |
| Gunn et al. (1970) +2 other references |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Lefèvre et al. (1985) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference |
| R.C. Maury and P. Picot : "Conditions ... |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Andrieux (1982) +2 other references |
| Baret (1905) |
| Upton et al. (1966) +5 other references |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Oehm et al. (1983) +6 other references |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| www.arn-meteorites.com (2005) |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Huckenholz (1973) +5 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Rath | |
| Rath et al. (Hypersthen) | |
| Rath |
| Lippolt (1982) +8 other references | |
| Vollstädt (1979) |
Greenland | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| McKie (1963) |
| McKie (1963) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Iceland | |
| Bird et al. (1984) |
| Blake (1966) |
India | |
| McKie (1963) |
| D. C. Kamineni (1986) | |
| Das Gupta et al. (1979) |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
| B. Rama Rao and L. Rama Rao (1937) |
| M. Santosh and K. G. Thara (1985) |
| Dora et al. (2014) |
| Mallik (1968) |
| Chakraborty (1974) |
| TRIPATHI et al. (2000) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1982) |
| |
| McKie (1963) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1989) |
Indonesia | |
| Abdurrachman et al. (2012) |
Iran | |
| Alberti et al. (1976) +4 other references |
Ireland | |
| Whitworth (1992) |
Italy | |
| Puxeddu (1971) |
| van Bergen (1980) |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Chester +9 other references |
| Bergeat (1900) |
| Washington (1909) +11 other references |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| BECCALUVA (2001) +2 other references |
| Beccaluva et al. (2007) |
Japan | |
| Kuno (1960) +1 other reference |
| ISSHIKI (1954) |
| Meteoritics |
| Shima et al. (1980) |
| Koide (1951) |
| Koga (1982) | |
| H. Okada (1964) |
| |
| Katsu et al. (1963) |
| Zeeck et al. (2021) |
| Thomas (2019) | |
| Suzuki (1957) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Miyashiro (1956) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Ichimura et al. (1951) |
| Ichimura et al. (1951) | |
| Ichimura et al. (1951) | |
| Seki et al. (1968) | |
| Takahashi (1986) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
| Nishida (1994) |
| Marumo et al. (2008) | |
| Fryer et al. (1990) | |
| Amer.Min. (1959) |
| Kushiro (1964) |
Libya | |
| Piccoli (1970) +6 other references |
| Jérémine et al. (1952) |
Lithuania | |
| Bukovanská et al. (1991) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Lenoble (1937) +1 other reference |
Malaysia | |
| Grubb (1965) +2 other references |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mauritius | |
| doi.org/10.1007/BF01177594 +3 other references | |
Mexico | |
| Mitchell et al. (2025) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mongolia | |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| Ewart et al. (1998) |
| Mathias (1956) +8 other references | |
New Zealand | |
| Moore et al. (1985) |
| Searle (1961) |
| Searle (1961) | |
| NZJGG |
| NZJGG | |
| NZJGG | |
| Chernet |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Hedenquist et al. (1993) | |
| Pirajno (1980) |
| Browne et al. (1972) |
| doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1979.10424176 +2 other references |
| Brothers et al. (1981) |
| Singh (2015) |
| Oldfield (1989) | |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
| Wodzicki et al. (1970) |
| Chernet |
| Chernet |
| Ewart (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Chernet | |
| Topping et al. (1973) | |
| Skinner (1975) |
| Ulrich (1898) |
| Black (1970) | |
| Fraser (1910) | |
Norway | |
| Scheerer (1844) |
| Brickwood (1986) |
| Breivik (2001) |
| Weibye (1848) | |
| Brickwood (1986) |
| Dietrich et al. (1965) |
| Frigstad (1971) |
| Hermans et al. (1975) |
| Andresen (1990) |
| Brickwood (1986) |
| Brickwood (1986) | |
| Sturt (1961) +12 other references |
Pakistan | |
| Kakar et al. (2013) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Mason et al. (1973) |
Peru | |
| Liipo et al. (1994) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Borkowska (1985) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Gnadenfrei [Piława Górna] +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Zanon et al. (2013) |
| Weston (1964) +4 other references |
| Mason (1967) |
Russia | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kiseleva et al. (2022) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2022) |
| Bogdanova N.G. et al. (1980) |
| Migdisova et al. (1988) |
| Sokol et al. (2019) |
| Shchukina et al. (Vol. 473, No. 1, pp. 333-337) |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2006) |
| ... | |
| Kaulina et al. (2023) |
| Mason (1967) |
| Grebennikov (2011) |
| Zamiatina et al. (2022) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Shabutdinov et al. (2024) | |
Saint Helena， Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
| LE ROEX (1985) | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| shield area of western Saudi Arabia (No. 560-A) +2 other references |
Serbia | |
| Miladinović et al. (2024) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ponomarenko et al. (2015) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Gibson R (2008) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Mandende (2014) +1 other reference |
| Grobler et al. (2019) |
| Mathias et al. (1970) |
| Clifford et al. (2012) |
| Ronaldson (1905) |
South America Plate | |
| Lima et al. (2024) |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | |
| Baker (1978) | |
| Baker (1978) | |
| Baker (1978) | |
South Korea | |
| Kim +7 other references |
South Sudan | |
| Mason (1966) |
| Clarke et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling ... |
| Mason et al. (1973) |
Suriname | |
| De Roever et al. (1976) |
Sweden | |
| Törnebohm (1881) +1 other reference |
| Hellingwerf (1985) |
| Magnusson (1929) +1 other reference |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
Taiwan | |
| Ichimura (1934) |
Tajikistan | |
| Паутов et al. (2019) |
Thailand | |
| Part II +14 other references |
Tonga | |
| Bauer (1970) |
Tunisia | |
| M Chinellato collection |
Turkey | |
| Abdelnasser et al. (2022) |
| SELAHATTİN KADİR et al. (2013) |
Uganda | |
| Hogarth et al. (1989) |
| Roccati (1907) |
UK | |
| Majendie (1818) +1 other reference |
| Goodchild (1885) +3 other references |
| Jobbins et al. (1966) |
| Day (1999) |
| Chinner et al. (1973) |
| ... |
| Cann (1965) +2 other references | |
| ... |
| ... |
| Henry (1935) +2 other references |
| ... |
| Stephenson et al. (1999) |
| Elliot et al. (eds) +7 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Gurov et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) |
| O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2000) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Gavasci et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Reynolds (1988) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| McKee (1971) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| U.S. Borax |
| Bailey (1941) |
| Higgs (1954a) +2 other references |
| Page (1967) +2 other references |
| Turner (1894b) +2 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +1 other reference |
| |
| Lawson (1904) +3 other references |
| Merrill | |
| Schaller (1911d) |
| Fairbanks (1896) |
| Leo (1967) +2 other references |
| Dana (1849) +3 other references |
| Brown (1916b) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Mason (1963) |
| Clarke et al. (ed.) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (1984) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (1984) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| American Mineralogist 27:218 |
| Schenck (2000) |
| Woodruff et al. (1975) |
| Cook (1978) |
| - (2005) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| John T. Stark (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Richard W. Thomssen specimen |
| MACDONALD (1949) +2 other references | |
| MACDONALD (1949) +3 other references | |
| Stearns (1940) +5 other references |
| Stearns et al. (1947) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Meteoritics |
| Hunt (1977) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Houston (1956) |
| USGS : Baltimore Gabbro Complex ... |
| Gleba (2008) |
| |
| Sears (1905) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| David Frank and Lorraine Edmond (2001) | |
| Immega et al. (1976) |
| American Meteorite Laboratory catalog (March, 1965) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| BAKER et al. (1970) |
| |
| Tommy B. Thompson (1973) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| - (2005) |
| Geol. Survey of the State of NY et al. (1895) +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Scott D. Giorgis et al. (2002) |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Robert D.Hatcher Jr. and Brendan R.Bean (2002) |
| Keith (1907) |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Merrill (1907) +1 other reference |
| Carolina Geological Society Annual ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2010) |
| Nathan Clay Collins (2011) | |
| EL-Shazley et al. (2011) |
| Fred Baker |
| Collins (2011) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| J. Metamorphic Geol. 21:685–698 (2003) |
| Hess et al. (1949) +1 other reference |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Speer (1997) | |
| - (2010) |
| Hunter (1941) | |
| www.meteorite.com (1998) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Meteoritics (1954) |
| - (1943) |
| Howard (2008) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| Joe Dunleavy (Pers. Comm.) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Harry Y. McSween Jr.; Nystrom (1979) |
| - (2010) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Paris (2011) |
| W.S. Bayley (1922) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Glass et al. (1958) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| articles.adsabs.harvard.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Seifert et al. (1992) |
| Cordura | |
Vietnam | |
| Svetlitskaya et al. (2015) |
Yemen | |
| Cox et al. (1969) +2 other references |
| Beydoun et al. (1969) | |
| Grolier et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
The Moon | |
| Walker et al. (1973) |
| Gornostaeva et al. (2012) |
Honoka'a, Hamakua, Hawaii County, Hawaii, USA