Cleusonite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Cleusonite
Formula:
(Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Specific Gravity:
4.74 - 4.93
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
For the type locality.
Type Locality:
Pb analogue of mapiquiroite. U analogue of senaite. Fe2+-◻-analogue of mianningite. UFe-analogue of almeidaite. UFe2+-analogue of gramaccioliite-(Y).
Cleusonite is partly metamict. The radiation damage results in macroscopic swelling (i.e., variable density and unit cell dimensions) and also makes the mineral appear optically isotropic. The calculated density and the crystallographical data given here are those of a crystal treated at 1000 °C (Wülser et al., 2005).
A large number of U-bearing "senaites" from Alpine localities later turned out to be cleusonite instead.
Cleusonite is partly metamict. The radiation damage results in macroscopic swelling (i.e., variable density and unit cell dimensions) and also makes the mineral appear optically isotropic. The calculated density and the crystallographical data given here are those of a crystal treated at 1000 °C (Wülser et al., 2005).
A large number of U-bearing "senaites" from Alpine localities later turned out to be cleusonite instead.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
26262
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:26262:4
Similar Names
| Claussenite | A synonym of Gibbsite | |
| Coulsonite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Fe2+V23+O4 |
IMA Classification of Cleusonite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Pb2+(U4+,U6+)Fe2+2(Ti4+,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38
Approval year:
1998
First published:
2005
Type description reference:
Wülser, Pierre-Alain, Meisser, Nicolas, Brugger, Joël, Schenk, Kurt, Ansermet, Stefan, Bonin, Michel, Bussy, François (2006) Cleusonite, (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38, a new mineral species of the crichtonite group from the western Swiss Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (6) 933-942 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0933
Classification of Cleusonite
4.CC.40
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ceu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Cleusonite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black
Streak:
Black
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.74 - 4.93 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.27 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cleusonite
Bireflectance:
None
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 21.2% |
| 440nm | 19.1% |
| 480nm | 18.3% |
| 520nm | 17.7% |
| 560nm | 17.3% |
| 600nm | 17.3% |
| 640nm | 17.4% |
| 680nm | 17.1% |
| 700nm | 17.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 21.2%.
Colour in reflected light:
Light grey to white
Internal Reflections:
None
Pleochroism:
Not Visible
Chemistry of Cleusonite
Mindat Formula:
(Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al,Mn,V
Crystallography of Cleusonite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.385(2) Å, c = 20.900(7) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.013
Unit Cell V:
1,952.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Multiple rhombohedra and hexagonal prisms.
Twinning:
Generally twinned.
Comment:
Cells: a = 10.576(3), c = 21.325(5) Å (untreated crystal) to a = 10.4188(6), c = 20.942(1) Å (800°C treatment) and to a = 10.385(2), c = 20.900(7) Å (1000°C treatment).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.893 Å | (100) |
| 3.406 Å | (96) |
| 2.851 Å | (69) |
| 2.245 Å | (55) |
| 2.995 Å | (53) |
| 5.18 Å | (52) |
| 6.83 Å | (51) |
Comments:
Cleuson, Valais, Switzerland. Data from the type description, Sample heated at 1000°C in air for 24 hours. Data for unheated material are also given.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Cleusonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Centimeter sized tabular crystals. Also as minute crystals disseminated in chlorite-rich pods.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Holotype: Geological Museum of Lausanne, Switzerland (MGL #65200 to 65205).
Cotypes: National Museum of Natural History of Paris, France (MNHNP #203.64 to 203.66).
Cotypes: National Museum of Natural History of Paris, France (MNHNP #203.64 to 203.66).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Greenschist facies metamorphosed gneissic series of the Mont Fort and Siviez-Mischabel Nappes.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Wülser, Pierre-Alain, Meisser, Nicolas, Brugger, Joël, Schenk, Kurt, Ansermet, Stefan, Bonin, Michel, Bussy, François (2006) Cleusonite, (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38, a new mineral species of the crichtonite group from the western Swiss Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (6) 933-942 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0933
Synonyms of Cleusonite
Other Language Names for Cleusonite
Relationship of Cleusonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Crichtonite Group:
| Almeidaite | PbZn2(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe3+)18O37(OH,O) | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'Davidite-(Y)' | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) | Trig. |
| Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 | Trig. |
| Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mapiquiroite | (Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe2(Ti,Fe3+,Cr3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Senaite | Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU' | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'UM2003-08-O:AlCaFeREEScTiV' | (Ca,Ce)Sc(Ti,V,Fe,Al)20O38 | |
| 'UM2006-05-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-06-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-07-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-08-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-09-O:CaFeMnREESrTiZr' | (Ce,Sr,REE)(Ca,Mn,Zr)Fe2(Ti,Fe)18O38 | |
| 'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)' | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Cleusonite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 8 photos of Cleusonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 5 photos of Cleusonite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 3 photos of Cleusonite associated with Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 3 photos of Cleusonite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 2 photos of Cleusonite associated with Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| 2 photos of Cleusonite associated with Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| 1 photo of Cleusonite associated with 'Adularia' | KAlSi3O8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CC. | Xuite | Ca3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3 |
| 4.CC. | Yttriaite-(Y) | Y2O3 |
| 4.CC. | Allendeite | Sc4Zr3O12 |
| 4.CC. | Chlorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2] |
| 4.CC. | Oboniobite | Mg4Nb2O9 |
| 4.CC. | Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] |
| 4.CC. | Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Shagamite | KFe11O17 |
| 4.CC. | Bitikleite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3 |
| 4.CC. | Anzaite-(Ce) | Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2 |
| 4.CC. | Heamanite-(Ce) | (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3 |
| 4.CC. | Priscillagrewite-(Y) | (Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3 |
| 4.CC. | Strandite | Pb3Mn3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC. | Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.05 | Chrombismite | Bi3+16Cr6+O27 |
| 4.CC.10 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluormayenite | Ca12Al14O32F2 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2] |
| 4.CC.15 | Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
| 4.CC.17 | Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)' | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
| 4.CC.20 | Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU' | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 |
| 4.CC.22 | Gorerite | CaAlFe3+11O19 |
| 4.CC.22 | Kahlenbergite | KAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.25 | Hopmannite | Ba2(Ti5Fe)O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Nixonite | Na2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Yafsoanite | Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Latrappite | Ca2NbFe3+O6 |
| 4.CC.30 | Natroniobite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Bariolakargiite | BaZrO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Megawite | CaSnO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Usturite | Ca3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Elbrusite | Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Monteneveite | Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12 |
| 4.CC.32 | Dzhuluite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Loparite | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 |
| 4.CC.35 | Panguite | (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Macedonite | PbTiO3 |
| 4.CC.37 | Pauloabibite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.40 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 |
| 4.CC.40 | Senaite | Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Davidite-(Y)' | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Uhligite' | Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ? |
| 4.CC.40 | Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 4.CC.45 | Diaoyudaoite | NaAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.45 | Yimengite | K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Nežilovite | PbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hawthorneite | BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Mizraite-(Ce) | Ce(Al11Mg)O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Haggertyite | BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Kangite | (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 |
| 4.CC.45 | Chihuahuaite | FeAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Barioferrite | BaFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Plumboferrite | Pb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33 |
| 4.CC.45 | Batiferrite | BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Magnetoplumbite | PbFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.50 | Jeppeite | K2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.55 | Zenzénite | Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC.60 | 'Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.)' | (Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 11.7458% | 2,936,450 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Notes:
Radioactive
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cleusonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-26262.html
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References for Cleusonite
Reference List:
Wülser, Pierre-Alain, Meisser, Nicolas, Brugger, Joël, Schenk, Kurt, Ansermet, Stefan, Bonin, Michel, Bussy, François (2006) Cleusonite, (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38, a new mineral species of the crichtonite group from the western Swiss Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (6) 933-942 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0933
Localities for Cleusonite
Showing 20 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (2007) |
| Pristacz et al. (2011) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2008) |
| Gerhard Brandstetter collection (analysed) +2 other references |
| Brandstätter et al. (2008) | |
China | |
| Dianhao Huang et al. (1984) +2 other references |
Italy | |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
North Macedonia | |
| Wülser et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analytical data 2016 |
Switzerland | |
| Beppe Raineri find & collection |
| Wülser et al. (2006) |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Wulser P.A. et al. 2005 |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Quick NavTopAbout CleusoniteUnique IdentifiersSimilar NamesIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatRadioactivityOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Fibbia, Fontana, Airolo, Leventina, Ticino, Switzerland