Gibbsite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Gibbsite
George Gibbs
Formula:
Al(OH)3
Colour:
White, light gray, light green, reddish white; reddish yellow (impure); blue, turquoise; purple
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.38 - 2.42
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by John Torrey in 1822 in honor of Colonel George Gibbs [January 7, 1777, Newport, RI - August 5, 1834, Sunswick Farms, NY], of Newport, Rhode Island, USA. Gibbs was a wealthy import merchant who was a geologist and mineralogist. He helped found early scientific societies for mineralogy and geology and wrote several scientific articles on geology, mineralogy, and agriculture. He amassed the finest mineral collection in the USA up to the 1810s and the collection was eventually purchased by Yale University where it was an excellent nucleus for its research and museum collection.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1689
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1689:2
Similar Names
| Gibbsite (of Hermann) | A synonym of 'Richmondite (of Kenngott)' |
IMA Classification of Gibbsite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Gibbsite
4.FE.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
6.3.1.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
3 : X(OH)3
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
3 : X(OH)3
7.6.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gbs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Gbs | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Gbs | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Gbs | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Gbs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Gbs | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Gibbsite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, light gray, light green, reddish white; reddish yellow (impure); blue, turquoise; purple
Comment:
Ideally white; colored by mineral mixtures
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}, but rarely observed because of its fine-grained nature.
{001}, but rarely observed because of its fine-grained nature.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.38 - 2.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.44 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Gibbsite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.568 - 1.57 nβ = 1.568 - 1.57 nγ = 1.586 - 1.587
Birefringence:
0.018
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.017 - 0.018
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Optical Extinction:
Y^c = 69° X = b
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Gibbsite
Mindat Formula:
Al(OH)3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ga
Crystallography of Gibbsite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.684 Å, b = 5.078(1) Å, c = 9.736(2) Å
β = 94.54(1)°
β = 94.54(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.71 : 1 : 1.917
Unit Cell V:
427.98 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Almost always earthy and nodular; rare crystals tabular {001}, with {100} and (110} usually well-developed.
Twinning:
1. About [130] as twin axis, very common. 2. On {001}, common, usually in combination with other twin laws. 3. On {100}, uncommon. 4. Rare on {110}
Comment:
Space group P21/n
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Rotation
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003998 | Gibbsite | Balan E, Lazzeri M, Morin G, Mauri F (2006) First-principles study of the OH-stretching modes of gibbsite American Mineralogist 91 115-119 |  | 2006 | hypothetical structure calculated with DFT | 0 | 293 |
| 0010761 | Gibbsite | Saalfeld H, Wedde M (1974) Refinement of the crystal structure of gibbsite, Al(OH)3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 139 129-135 | | 1974 | Langesundfjord, Norway | 0 | 293 |
| 0017978 | Gibbsite | Megaw H (1934) The crystal structure of Hydrargillite Al (O H)3 _cod_database_code 1011081 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 87 185-204 | 1934 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.853 Å | (100) |
| 4.380 Å | (36) |
| 4.328 Å | (18) |
| 2.456 Å | (12) |
| 2.389 Å | (16) |
| 2.052 Å | (12) |
| 1.8074 Å | (10) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 33-18 synthetic. X-ray powder diffraction pattern is similar, but not identical, to that of nannoniite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Type Occurrence of Gibbsite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Bog iron deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Gibbsite
Other Language Names for Gibbsite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 123 photos of Gibbsite associated with Crocoite | PbCr6+O4 |
| 39 photos of Gibbsite associated with Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
| 30 photos of Gibbsite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 29 photos of Gibbsite associated with Dundasite | PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4 · H2O |
| 27 photos of Gibbsite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 20 photos of Gibbsite associated with Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 17 photos of Gibbsite associated with 'Copper-bearing Adamite' | (Zn,Cu)2AsO4OH |
| 15 photos of Gibbsite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 12 photos of Gibbsite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
| 12 photos of Gibbsite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FE. | Nannoniite | Al2(OH)5F |
| 4.FE.05 | Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Theophrastite | Ni(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.10 | Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Bayerite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Nordstrandite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.15 | Lepidocrocite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.15 | Böhmite | AlO(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Grimaldiite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FE.25 | Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.25 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.30 | Quenselite | PbMnO2(OH) |
| 4.FE.35 | Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.40 | Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| 4.FE.40 | Feroxyhyte | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.45 | Quetzalcoatlite | Zn6Cu3(TeO6)2(OH)6 · AgxPbyClx+2y |
| 4.FE.50 | Fuettererite | Pb3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5 |
Fluorescence of Gibbsite
Yellowish white to creamy white in SW and LW. Also green to greenish white in SW.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Gibbsite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Gibbsite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1689.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Gibbsite
Reference List:
Rose, Gustav (1839) Beschreibung einiger neuen Mineralien des Urals. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 124. 551-573 doi:10.1002/andp.18391241205Rose, G. (1839) Beschreibung einiger neuen Mineralien des Urals. Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 48: 551-573 (564-567). (as hydrargillite)
Warth, H. (1902) On Gibbsite from the Palni Hills in Southern India. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 13 (60) 172-173 doi:10.1180/minmag.1902.13.60.05
Herrmann, E. (1953) Beitrag zur Kinetik der Abscheidung von Hydrargillit aus Natriumaluminatlösungen. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 274 (1). 81-104 doi:10.1002/zaac.19532740108
Saalfeld, Horst (1956) Zur Kristallographie der Hydrargillit-Entwässerung. Die Naturwissenschaften, 43 (7). 155-156 doi:10.1007/bf00623095
Glemser, Oskar; Rieck, Gerhard (1957) Über Mechanismus und Verlauf der Entwässerung von Hydrargillit und Bayerit. Die Naturwissenschaften, 44 (6). 180 doi:10.1007/bf00599852
Dachselt, Ernst; Pätz, Kurt (1957) Untersuchungen über die Umwandlung von Hydrargillit in Böhmit bei erhöhtem Druck. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 292 (5-6). 262-274 doi:10.1002/zaac.19572920503
Saalfeld, H. (1959) Einkristalluntersuchungen zum Problem der Hydrargillit-Entwässerung. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 112 (1-6). 88-96 doi:10.1524/zkri.1959.112.1-6.88
Fleischer, Michael; Mandarino, J. A.; Servos, Kurt; Toulmin, Priestley, III (1962) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 47 (9-10). 1216-1223
(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (258) 260-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.258.09
Schwarzmann, Einhard (1962) Zusammenhang zwischen OH‐Valenzfrequenzen und OH…OH‐ bzw. OH…OH‐Abständen in festen Hydroxiden. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 317 (3-4). 176-185 doi:10.1002/zaac.19623170305
Hauschild, Ulrich (1964) Alkalimetallionenfreier Hydrargillit, Al(OH)3. Die Naturwissenschaften, 51 (10). 238-239 doi:10.1007/bf00641360
Krause, Alfons; Skupinowa, W. (1968) Der künstliche Hydrargillit und dessen Verhalten bei höheren Temperaturen. Monatshefte für Chemie, 99 (6). 2390-2391 doi:10.1007/bf01154354
Mchardy, W. J., Thomson, A. P. (1971) Conditions for the formation of bayerite and gibbsite. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (295) 358-368 doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.295.11
Saalfeld, H., Wedde, M. (1974) Refinement of the crystal structure of gibbsite, Al(OH)3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 139 (1). 129-135 doi:10.1524/zkri.1974.139.1-2.129
Bailey, S. W. (1977) Report of the I.M.A.-I. U.Cr. Joint Committee on Nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 62 (5-6) 411-415
Peterson, R. C., Hill, R. J., Gibbs, G. V. (1979) A molecular – orbital study of distortions in the layer structures brucite, gibbsite, and serpentine. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (4) 703-711
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Wolska, Emilia (1980) Die durch die Anwesenheit von Eisen(III)-ionen bedingten Phasengleichgewichte kristalliner Aluminiumhydroxide des Nordstrandits, Hydrargillits und Bayerits. Monatshefte für Chemie, 111. 889-897 doi:10.1007/bf00899254
Mardilovich, P. P., Trokhimets, A. I. (1982) The OH stretching bands of hydrargillite. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 36. 197-202 doi:10.1007/bf00665173
Mardilovich, P. P.; Trokhimets, A. I.; Zaretskii, M. V.; Kupchenko, G. G. (1985) Spectroscopic investigation of dehydration of bayerite and hydrargillite. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 42. 659-665 doi:10.1007/bf00657101
Jambor, John L.; Sabina, Ann P.; Ramik, Robert A.; Sturman, B. Drako (1990) A fluorine-bearing gibbsite-like mineral from the Francon quarry, Montreal, Quebec. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28 (1). 147-153
Ruan, H. D., Frost, R. L., Kloprogge, J. T. (2001) Comparison of Raman spectra in characterizing gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 32 (9). 745-750 doi:10.1002/jrs.736
Balan, Etienne, Lazzeri, Michele, Morin, Guillaume, Mauri, Francesco (2006) First-principles study of the OH-stretching modes of gibbsite. American Mineralogist, 91 (1) 115-119 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1922
Ksenofontov, D. A., Kabalov, Yu. K. (2012) Structure refinement and thermal stability of gibbsite. Inorganic Materials, 48 (2) 142-144 doi:10.1134/s0020168512020136
Ogorodova, L. P., Kiseleva, I. A., Sokolova, E. L., Vigasina, M. F., Kabalov, Yu. K. (2012) Thermochemical study of polymorphic modifications of Al(OH)3: Gibbsite and nordstrandite. Geochemistry International, 50 (1) 90-94 doi:10.1134/s0016702912010090
Localities for Gibbsite
Showing 698 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) |
Angola | |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) | |
Antarctica | |
| Kammerer (2011) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Rio Tinto Group |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Tilley (1996) +1 other reference | |
| gibbsite | |
| Taylor et al. (2008) | |
| Rio Tinto Group | |
| Mark Willoughby collection |
| Peter Elliott (pers. comm. to U. Kolitsch, 2011) |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Dana (1909) +1 other reference |
| Rodgers (1992) +1 other reference |
| Grubb (1971) |
| Mock (1987) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Singh et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| On Gearkstite at Gingin |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Annand et al. (2001) |
| Graham (2003) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
| Salama et al. (2025) |
| Linterm et al. (1998) |
| Maier et al. (2014) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Recent Investigations of the Mitchell ... +3 other references |
| Mock et al. (1987) |
Austria | |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Described on an info shield at the ... |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference |
| Erwin Löffler collection +2 other references | |
| Götzinger (2008) | |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Taucher et al. (2001) |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Buurman et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Delphine Bruyère et al (2003) +1 other reference |
| Dosogne (1945) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| アルセオスバルト (1989) +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Montes et al. (2002) |
| de Oliveira (2026) |
| de Oliveira (2026) |
| Horbe et al. (1999) |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) |
| Santos (2012) +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Santana et al. (2022) |
| Berger et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Machado et al. (2021) |
| Portella et al. (2016) |
| Orris et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Waber et al. (1992) |
| Soares et al. (2018) |
| Varajão et al. (2000) |
| Cabral et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| https://www.mindat.org/photo-873434.html | |
| Waber (1991) +1 other reference |
| ... +1 other reference | |
| de Oliveira (2026) |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins. | |
| Allan et al. (1989) | |
| Silva et al. (2020) |
| Piló et al. (2023) | |
| SALLUN FILHO (orgs.) +1 other reference | |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Vale SA |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... +2 other references |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| Figueira et al. (2019) | |
| de Oliveira (2026) | |
| Santos et al. (2016) |
| de Oliveira (2026) |
| G Traversa et al (1994) +1 other reference |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
Cambodia | |
| United Nations (1993) |
Cameroon | |
| Oumarou et al. (2005) |
| Yongue-Fouateu et al. (2009) |
| Anderson et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| Piilonen et al. (2025) | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| Brueckner et al. (2024) |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Economic Geology June 1955 v. 50 no. 4 ... |
| CLÉMENT |
| Martin +1 other reference |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
| Jambor et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11 (2) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Juyun Gu et al. (1984) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
| Qingfei Wang et al. (2007) | |
| Xuefei Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Zhangling Liu (1980) |
| Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Shouquan Zhu (2001) |
| Luo et al. (2026) | |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Shiyi Chen et al. (1988) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) |
| Zhusen Yang et al. (2001) | |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Tang et al. (2021) | |
| Yutaka Kanai (1992) |
| Lu et al. (2026) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Guanqun Yang (1987) |
| Gong et al. (2024) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Yuzhou Li (1990) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Jin Li et al. (1989) |
| Qi Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Fan et al. (2026) |
| Shufang He and Jianping Lu (2001) |
| Xiuzhong Zheng and Jinrong Ge (1983) |
| Jianyin Meng et al. (2011) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Xiong et al. (2022) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Telin Guan (1982) +1 other reference |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Xiao Long et al. (2005) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Zhusen Yang et al. (2000) |
| Baiyou Chen et al. (2002) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Hanhe Liu (2007) |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Croatia | |
| Kovačević Galović et al. (2025) | |
| Šinkoveć B. et al. (1994) |
| Perković et al. (2024) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Merlak et al. (2013) |
| Tomašić et al. (2021) |
Cuba | |
| Domínguez-Carretero et al. (2024) |
| de Oliveira et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Marsh | |
| Njila et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Cyprus | |
| Ng +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +4 other references |
| Fojt et al. (2012) |
| Fojt | |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
Dominican Republic | |
| Domènech et al. (2022) |
| E. Andreu et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| R. Weyl (1965) |
DR Congo | |
| Mbo et al. (2023) |
| Yanling Yan et al. (2011) |
| Van Wambeke (1971) |
Ecuador | |
| Stoops (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| Bahr et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Ibrahim (2000) +1 other reference |
| Abd El-Moghny et al. (2026) | |
| Abd El-Moghny et al. (2026) | |
Finland | |
| Uusinoka et al. (1) |
France | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026) |
| de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Bari (1982) | |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Teitler et al. (2022) |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Vale SA |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Bull. Minéral. | |
| Lheur (2023) |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
| S. Caillère and Th. Pobeguin : "Quelques Aspects Microscopiques de la Gibbsite dans les Bauxites du Mas Rouge (Région des Baux) |
Gabon | |
| Lheur (2001) |
Georgia | |
| Chervyatsova et al. (2024) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1977 (6) +1 other reference |
| Markus Gerstmann - Collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kautz (1968) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1994) |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Witzke (1996) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| Niedermayr (1982) |
| Möckel (2000) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Heymann (1982) | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Pantó et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Laskou et al. (2007) |
Greenland | |
| McDonald et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Petersen et al. (2005) |
Guatemala | |
| Solway Group |
Guinea | |
| |
| Feret (1997) |
Guyana | |
| www.engineeringnews.co.za (2009) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Sajó et al. (2007) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineal Locality | |
| Fülop J. (1969) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) |
| Koch (1985) |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Ramam (1976) |
| Prasad et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Nayak et al. (2024) |
| NO.1 +2 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Hakim et al. (2023) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Zulfikar et al. (2020) |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Zamanian et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| Daliran (2008) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Bassam et al. (1998) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (2005) |
Israel | |
| Juroszek et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Castellaro et al. (2021) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| MacLean et al. (1997) |
| Steve Pullman |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Exel (1987) +6 other references |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Cristiano Batacchi et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| Daleffe et al. (2012) |
Jamaica | |
| Hill (1955) | |
| Anderson (1971, June) |
| Hill (1955) | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Terashima collection |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| Terashima collection |
| Display captions at local museum. |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2020) |
Luxembourg | |
| Activity report 1998 of the Musée ... |
Madagascar | |
| Berger et al. (2014) |
| Behier et al. (1963) |
| Behier et al. (1963) |
| Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 898846) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Hatzl (2010) |
| Wilson (1989) |
Malaysia | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23: 31 +1 other reference |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) |
| Ariffin et al. (2008) |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) | |
| McFarlane et al. (2018) |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) | |
Mauritania | |
| Matton et al. (2014) |
| Un Processus Alcalin Péri-Atlantiqu. ... +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| Alain Guillet collection |
| Alain Guillet collection |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Myanmar | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Soonthorntantikul et al. (2017) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
Namibia | |
| Cairncross (2005) |
| Bezing et al. (2007) | |
Netherlands | |
| Faber F.J. |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference |
| Cesco Ramakers Collection +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) |
| Bosel et al. (1984) |
Nigeria | |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Kogi Iron Limited |
Niue | |
Norway | |
| Bugge (1951) |
| Nordli et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Frondel (1941) |
| Vandall King |
| Husdal (2021) |
| Lars O. Kvamsdal. Gandolfi NHM i Oslo +1 other reference |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Brøgger (1890) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Brøgger (1890) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Andersen (1993) | |
| Collected by Peter Andresen +1 other reference |
| Berge (1993) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Eldjarn (1983) | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-307 | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Collection of Peter Andresen. | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Andresen (2013) | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Brøgger (1890) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Pettersen (1982) |
Pakistan | |
| Khubab et al. (2025) |
Palau | |
| Miller et al. (1987) |
Palestine | |
| Galuskina et al. (2019) |
Peru | |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Wieser (1974) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
| Januszewska et al. (2023) |
Russia | |
| Luzgin et al. (1977) |
| Gorshkov A.I. et al. (1991) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Popova et al. (2018) |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Locker et al. (2014) | |
| webmineral.ru (2016) | |
| |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Yakich et al. (2025) |
| |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 +1 other reference | |
| Pekov (2000) | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2007) | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Indolev L N et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Belogub et al. (2026) |
Serbia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Kovačević Galović et al. (2026) |
Seychelles | |
| Biogeography and ecology of the ... | |
Sierra Leone | |
| Davies et al. (1989) | |
| Bowles et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) | |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1997) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell (01/2019) |
| Rosell et al. (2006) |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Calvo et al. (2007) | |
| Natural Sciences Museum of Alava |
Sri Lanka | |
| Chandrakumara et al. (2021) |
Sudan | |
| Germann et al. (1994) |
Suriname | |
| Tony Nikischer and Luis Menezes |
Sweden | |
| |
Taiwan | |
| L. P. Tan (1993) |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Togo | |
| AMBASE EXPLORATION (TOGO) |
Turkey | |
| Karakaya et al. (2025) |
| Yalçın et al. (2026) |
| Yalçın et al. (2026) |
| Karakaya et al. (2025) |
| Karakaya et al. (2025) | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| John Betterton collection |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Hanson Limited |
| Day (1999) |
| Duffin et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Williams et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Stroud (1969) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Murdock et al. (1938) +3 other references |
| Allen (1946) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:185 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| - (2005) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Grant ( ) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Hurst (1959) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:201. | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Clark et al. (1965) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Clark et al. (1965) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Lang et al. (1965) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) | |
| John T. Stark (1963) | |
| Econ. Geo. & Bull. Soc. Econ. Geologists. 53 (7) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Patterson (1984) | |
| Wada (1972) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| ... |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| ... | |
| Sunderman et al. (1969) |
| ... | |
| Smith et al. (2002) |
| Hower et al. (2018) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Western Massachusetts Geologic Resource Inventory et al. (Privately Published) |
| Dana 4:134 (1854) | |
| Torrey (1822) | |
| \ | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| USGS Survey Bulletin 1199-C +1 other reference | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Mitchell et al. (2000) |
| R.M. Joeckel et al. (2011) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Cornwall (1972) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Polyak +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark (1989) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 419 |
| Dana 7:I:665. | |
| Howard Heitner collection (1893) | |
| Benton III et al. (1970) |
| Benton III et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
| Velbel et al. (1984) |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1922 +2 other references |
| Onac (2025) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Rick Dalrymple |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| Desor (11/2020) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +2 other references | |
| Vandall King |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:165. | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Venezuela | |
| Domènech et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
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Kamariza mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece