Lepidocrocite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Lepidocrocite
Formula:
Fe3+O(OH)
Previously γ-Fe3+O(OH).
Colour:
Deep red, red-brown
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
4.05 - 4.13
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
From the Greek λεπίς, scale, and κροκη, thread, in allusion to the occasional palmate or plumose aggregates.
Polymorph of:
Dimorphous with goethite.
May be a component of limonite.
Note: The red inclusions in many quartz crystals, often labelled by sellers as "lepidocrocite", are in fact normally hematite. We are unaware of any analytically confirmed red, translucent scaly lepidocrocite as inclusions in quartz crystals. Likewise, colourfully iridescent mammillary "turgite" crusts are sometimes sold as "lepidocrocite" but are usually goethite.
May be a component of limonite.
Note: The red inclusions in many quartz crystals, often labelled by sellers as "lepidocrocite", are in fact normally hematite. We are unaware of any analytically confirmed red, translucent scaly lepidocrocite as inclusions in quartz crystals. Likewise, colourfully iridescent mammillary "turgite" crusts are sometimes sold as "lepidocrocite" but are usually goethite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2379
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2379:1
IMA Classification of Lepidocrocite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Lepidocrocite
4.FE.15
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
6.1.2.2
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
7.20.8
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Lpc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lpc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Lpc | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Lepidocrocite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Deep red, red-brown
Streak:
Orange
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010}; {100} less perfect; {001} good.
{010}; {100} less perfect; {001} good.
Density:
4.05 - 4.13 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.96 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Lepidocrocite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.94 nβ = 2.2 nγ = 2.51
2V:
Measured: 83° , Calculated: 84°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.570
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Anisotropism:
Strong
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = b = clear yellow
Y = c = dark red-orange
Z = a = darker red-orange
Y = c = dark red-orange
Z = a = darker red-orange
Chemistry of Lepidocrocite
Mindat Formula:
Fe3+O(OH)
Previously γ-Fe3+O(OH).
Previously γ-Fe3+O(OH).
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn
Crystallography of Lepidocrocite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Cmc21
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.07 Å, b = 12.54 Å, c = 3.88 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.245 : 1 : 0.309
Unit Cell V:
149.37 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Flattened scales {010} and slightly elongated [100]. {010} sometimes striated [100]. Single crystals attached by an edge to matrix; aggregated into palmate or plumose groups. Loose rosettes; massive, bladed to fibrous or micaceous. Fibrous varieties elongated [100].
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020690 | Lepidocrocite | Zhukhlistov A P (2001) Crystal structure of lepidocrocite FeO(OH) from the electron-diffractometry data Crystallography Reports 46 730-733 | 2001 | natural but not given | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020688 | Lepidocrocite | Christensen A N, Lehmann M S, Convert P (1982) Deuteration of crystalline hydroxides. Hydrogen bonds of gamma-AlOO(H,D) and gamma-FeOO(H,D) Acta Chemica Scandinavica A 36 303-308 | 1982 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020687 | Lepidocrocite | Christensen A N, Lehmann M S, Convert P (1982) Deuteration of crystalline hydroxides. Hydrogen bonds of gamma-AlOO(H,D) and gamma-FeOO(H,D) Acta Chemica Scandinavica A 36 303-308 | 1982 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011833 | Lepidocrocite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 290-295 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017932 | Lepidocrocite | Ewing F (1935) The Crystal Structure of Lepidocrocite _cod_database_code 1011026 Journal of Chemical Physics 3 420-424 | 1935 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017984 | Lepidocrocite | Goldsztaub M (1935) Etude de quelques derives de l'oxyde ferrique (Fe O.OH, FeO2Na, FeOCl) determination de leurs structures. _cod_database_code 1011088 Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Mineralogie 58 6-6 | 1935 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.26 Å | (100) |
| 3.29 Å | (90) |
| 2.47 Å | (80) |
| 1.937 Å | (70) |
| 1.732 Å | (40) |
| 1.524 Å | (40) |
| 1.075 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| 47i : [Terrestrial weathering of meteorites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Type Occurrence of Lepidocrocite
Synonyms of Lepidocrocite
Other Language Names for Lepidocrocite
Czech:Lepidokrokit
Dutch:Lepidocrociet
French:Lépidocrocite
Italian:Lepidocrocite
Japanese:鱗鉄鉱
Polish:Lepidokrokit
Portuguese:Lepidocrocite
Russian:Лепидокрокит
Simplified Chinese:纤铁矿
Slovak:Lepidokrokit
Spanish:Lepidocrocita
Pyrrhosiderita
Pyrrhosiderita
Varieties of Lepidocrocite
| Hydrolepidocrocite | Lepidocrocite with adsorbed water. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 202 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 60 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 48 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 48 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 48 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 27 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 25 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 25 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with 'Wad' | |
| 24 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with 'Amethyst' | SiO2 |
| 23 photos of Lepidocrocite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FE. | Nannoniite | Al2(OH)5F |
| 4.FE.05 | Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Theophrastite | Ni(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.05 | Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.10 | Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Bayerite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Nordstrandite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.10 | Gibbsite | Al(OH)3 |
| 4.FE.15 | Böhmite | AlO(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.20 | Grimaldiite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FE.25 | Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.25 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.30 | Quenselite | PbMnO2(OH) |
| 4.FE.35 | Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 |
| 4.FE.40 | Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| 4.FE.40 | Feroxyhyte | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FE.45 | Quetzalcoatlite | Zn6Cu3(TeO6)2(OH)6 · AgxPbyClx+2y |
| 4.FE.50 | Fuettererite | Pb3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lepidocrocite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2379.html
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References for Lepidocrocite
Reference List:
Ewing, F. J. (1935) The Crystal Structure of Lepidocrocite. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 3 (7) 420-424 doi:10.1063/1.1749692
Orcel, Jean (1946) Caractères microscopiques de la lépidocrocite en lumière polarisée réfléchie. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 69 (1) 42-46 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1946.4607
Kulp, J. Laurence, Trites, Albert F. (1951) Differential thermal analysis of natural hydrous ferric oxides. American Mineralogist, 36 (1-2) 23-44
BROWN, G. (1953) THE OCCURRENCE OF LEPIDOCROCITE IN SOME BRITISH SOILS. Journal of Soil Science, 4 (2) 220-228 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1953.tb00655.x
Schwarzmann, Einhard (1962) Zusammenhang zwischen OH‐Valenzfrequenzen und OH…OH‐ bzw. OH…OH‐Abständen in festen Hydroxiden. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 317 (3-4). 176-185 doi:10.1002/zaac.19623170305
De Villiers, J. M., van Rooyen, T. H. (1967) Solid solution formation of lepidocrocite-boehmite and its occurrence in soil. Clay Minerals, 7 (2) 229-235 doi:10.1180/claymin.1967.007.2.10
Ramberg, Ivar B. (1969) Lepidocrocite at Rössvatn, North Norway. An example of pseudomorphism after pyrite cubes. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 49 (3) 251-256
Schwertmann, U. (1972) The Transformation of Lepidocrocite to Goethite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20 (3) 151-158 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1972.0200306
Schwertmann, U. (1972) The Influence of Silicate on the Transformation of Lepidocrocite to Goethite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20 (3) 159-164 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1972.0200307
Sakash, G. S., Solntseva, L. S. (1972) An IR spectroscopic study of the thermal conversion of lepidocrocite into haematite. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 16. 551 doi:10.1007/bf00646161
Vlasov, A. Ya., Gornushkina, N. A., Petrov, M. I. (1972) Crystal structure and magnetic properties of lepidocrocite upon thermal transformation to hematite. Soviet Physics Journal, 15. 698-702 doi:10.1007/bf00893038
Schwertmann, U. (1973) Electron Micrographs of Soil Lepidocrocites. Clay Minerals, 10 (1) 59-63 doi:10.1180/claymin.1973.010.1.08
Mazurkiewicz, A., Sokalski, K., Szytuła, A. (1973) Low frequency vibrations in lepidocrocite (α-FeOOH) studied by infrared absorption. physica status solidi (a), 17 (1). doi:10.1002/pssa.2210170146
Christensen, Henrik, Christensen, A. Nørlund, Turpeinen, Urho, Andresen, Arne F., Smidsrød, Olav, Pontchour, Cha-On, Phavanantha, Pathana, Pramatus, Supanich, Cyvin, Bjørg N., Cyvin, Sven J. (1978) Hydrogen Bonds of gamma-FeOOH. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 32. 87-88 doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.32a-0087
Tarzi, J. G. (1978) The Occurrence of Lepidocrocite in Two Well-Drained Ontario Soils. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26 (6) 448-451 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1978.0260609
Schwertmann, U., Taylor, R. M. (1979) Natural and synthetic poorly crystallized lepidocrocite. Clay Minerals, 14 (4) 285-293 doi:10.1180/claymin.1979.014.4.05
ROSS, G. J., MILES, N. M., KODAMA, H. (1979) OCCURRENCE AND DETERMINATION OF LEPIDOCROCITE IN CANADIAN SOILS. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 59 (2). 155-162 doi:10.4141/cjss79-015
Taylor, R. M. (1980) The Influence of Aluminum on Iron Oxides. VII. Substitution of Al for Fe in Synthetic Lepidocrocite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28 (4) 267-271 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1980.0280404
Šubrt, J., Hanousek, F., Zapletal, V., Lipka, J., Hucl, M. (1981) Dehydration of synthetic lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Journal of Thermal Analysis, 20 (1). 61-69 doi:10.1007/bf01912997
Ross, G. J. (1982) Lepidocrocite in a Calcareous, Well-Drained Soil. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30 (5) 394-396 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1982.0300511
Bechinê, K., Šubrt, J., Hanslík, T., Zapletal, V., Tláskal, J., Lipka, Josef, Sedlák, B., Rotter, M. (1982) Transformation of synthetic γ‐FeOOH (lepidocrocite) in aqueous solutions of ferrous sulphate. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 489 (1). 186-196 doi:10.1002/zaac.19824890122
Murad, Enver, Schwertmann, Udo (1984) The influence of crystallinity on the Mössbauer spectrum of lepidocrocite. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (349) 507-511 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.349.04
Mendelovici, E., Nadiv, S., Lin, I. J. (1984) Morphological and magnetic changes during mechano-chemical transformation of lepidocrocite to hematite. Journal of Materials Science, 19. 1556-1562 doi:10.1007/bf00563053
Fitzpatrick, RW, Taylor, RM, Schwertmann, U, Childs, CW (1985) Occurrence and properties of lepidocrocite in some soils of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia. Soil Research, 23 (4). 543pp. doi:10.1071/sr9850543
Morris, Richard V., Lauer, Howard V., Lawson, Charles A., Gibson, Everett K., Nace, Georg Ann, Stewart, Cheri (1985) Spectral and other physicochemical properties of submicron powders of hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), goethite (α-FeOOH), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) Journal of Geophysical Research, 90. 3126 doi:10.1029/jb090ib04p03126
Cornell, R. M. (1988) Acid Dissolution of Akaganiéite and Lepidocrocite: The Effect on Crystal Morphology. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36 (5) 385-390 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360501
Gehring, A. U., Karthein, R., Reller, A. (1990) Activated state in the lepidocrocite structure during thermal treatment. Naturwissenschaften, 77 (4). 177-179 doi:10.1007/bf01131161
Schwertmann, Udo (1990) The Influence of Aluminum on Iron Oxides. XV. Al-for-Fe Substitution in Synthetic Lepidocrocite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38 (2) 209-212 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1990.0380213
Carlson, L., Schwertmann, U. (1990) The effect of CO2 and oxidation rate on the formation of goethite versus lepidocrocite from an Fe(II) system at pH 6 and 7. Clay Minerals, 25 (1) 65-71 doi:10.1180/claymin.1990.025.1.07
de Bakker, P. M. A., De Grave, E., Vandenberghe, R. E., Bowen, L. H., Pollard, R. J., Persoons, R. M. (1991) Mössbauer study of the thermal decomposition of lepidocrocite and characterization of the decomposition products. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 18 (2) 131-143 doi:10.1007/bf00216606
Krishnamurti, G. S. R., Huang, P. M. (1993) Formation of Lepidocrocite from Iron(II) Solutions: Stabilization by Citrate. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57 (3). 861-867 doi:10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030037x
Wang, H. D., White, G. N., Turner, F. T., Dixon, J. B. (1993) Ferrihydrite, Lepidocrocite, and Goethite in Coatings from East Texas Vertic Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57 (5). 1381-1386 doi:10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700050036x
De Grave, E. (1996) 57Fe Mössbauer Effect Study of Al-Substituted Lepidocrocites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44 (2). 214-219 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1996.0440206
Diakonov, Igor I. (1998) Thermodynamic properties of iron oxides and hydroxides. III. Surface and bulk thermodynamic properties of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) to 500 K. European Journal of Mineralogy, 10 (1) 31-42 doi:10.1127/ejm/10/1/0031
Weckler, B., Lutz, H.D. (1998) Lattice vibration spectra. Part XCV. Infrared spectroscopic studies on the iron oxide hydroxides goethite (α), akaganéite (β), lepidocrocite (γ), and feroxyhite (δ) European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry, 35 (8) 531-544 doi:10.1016/s0992-4361(99)80017-4
Gálvez, Natividad (1999) Effect of Phosphate on the Crystallization of Hematite, Goethite, and Lepidocrocite from Ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47 (3) 304-311 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1999.0470306
Zhukhlistov, A. P. (2001) Crystal structure of lepidocrocite FeO(OH) from the electron-diffractometry data. Crystallography Reports, 46 (5) 730-733 doi:10.1134/1.1405857
Van San, E. Van, De Grave, E., Vandenberghe, R. E., Desseyn, H. O., Datas, L., Barrón, V., Rousset, A. (2001) Study of Al-substituted hematites, prepared from thermal treatment of lepidocrocite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (7) 488-497 doi:10.1007/s002690100169
Hirt, A. M., Lanci, L., Dobson, J., Weidler, P., Gehring, A. U. (2002) Low-temperature magnetic properties of lepidocrocite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107. doi:10.1029/2001jb000242
Stanjek, H. (2002) XRD peak migration and apparent shift of cell-edge lengths of nano-sized hematite, goethite and lepidocrocite. Clay Minerals, 37 (4) 629-638 doi:10.1180/0009855023740065
Goldman, Nurit Taitel, Koch, Christian Bender, Singer, Arieh (2002) Lepidocrocite in Hydrothermal Sediments of the Atlantis II and Thetis Deeps, Red Sea. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50 (2). 186-197 doi:10.1346/000986002760832784
Farquhar, Morag L., Charnock, John M., Livens, Francis R., Vaughan, David J. (2002) Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake from Aqueous Solution by Interaction with Goethite, Lepidocrocite, Mackinawite, and Pyrite: An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study. Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (8). 1757-1762 doi:10.1021/es010216g
Cudennec, Yannick, Lecerf, André (2005) Topotactic transformations of goethite and lepidocrocite into hematite and maghemite. Solid State Sciences, 7 (5) 520-529 doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.02.002
Gendler, T. S., Shcherbakov, V. P., Dekkers, M. J., Gapeev, A. K., Gribov, S. K., McClelland, E. (2005) The lepidocrocite-maghemite-haematite reaction chain-I. Acquisition of chemical remanent magnetization by maghemite, its magnetic properties and thermal stability. Geophysical Journal International, 160 (3) 815-832 doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2005.02550.x
Gräfe, M., Singh, B. (2006) Metal cation substitution in lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (18) doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.423
Liu, Hui, Li, Ping, Zhu, Meiying, Wei, Yu, Sun, Yuhan (2007) Fe(II)-induced transformation from ferrihydrite to lepidocrocite and goethite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 180. 2121-2128 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2007.03.022
Navarro, Gustavo, Acevedo, Roberto, Soto, Andrés, Herane, Mario (2008) Synthesis and characterization of lepidocrocite and its potential applications in the adsorption of pollutant species. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 134. 12023pp. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/134/1/012023
Glotch, Timothy D., Kraft, Michael D. (2008) Thermal transformations of akaganéite and lepidocrocite to hematite: assessment of possible precursors to Martian crystalline hematite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 35 (10) 569-581 doi:10.1007/s00269-008-0249-z
Guo, Haibo, Barnard, Amanda S. (2011) Proton transfer in the hydrogen-bonded chains of lepidocrocite: a computational study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13 (39). 17864pp. doi:10.1039/c1cp22508a
Sergent, A.-S., Jorand, F., Hanna, K. (2011) Effects of Si-bearing minerals on the nature of secondary iron mineral products from lepidocrocite bioreduction. Chemical Geology, 289 (1) 86-97 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.07.016
Snow, Claine L., Smith, Stacey J., Lang, Brian E., Shi, Quan, Boerio-Goates, Juliana, Woodfield, Brian F., Navrotsky, Alexandra (2011) Heat capacity studies of the iron oxyhydroxides akaganéite (β-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 43 (2) 190-199 doi:10.1016/j.jct.2010.08.022
Boland, Daniel D., Collins, Richard N., Miller, Christopher J., Glover, Chris J., Waite, T. David (2014) Effect of Solution and Solid-Phase Conditions on the Fe(II)-Accelerated Transformation of Ferrihydrite to Lepidocrocite and Goethite. Environmental Science & Technology, 48 (10). 5477-5485 doi:10.1021/es4043275
Paikaray, Susanta, Peiffer, Stefan (2015) Lepidocrocite Formation Kinetics from Schwertmannite in Fe(II)-Rich Anoxic Alkaline Medium. Mine Water and the Environment, 34 (2). 213-222 doi:10.1007/s10230-014-0309-1
Kim, Jongsik, Ilott, Andrew J., Middlemiss, Derek S., Chernova, Natasha A., Pinney, Nathan, Morgan, Dane, Grey, Clare P. (2015) 2H and 27Al Solid-State NMR Study of the Local Environments in Al-Doped 2-Line Ferrihydrite, Goethite, and Lepidocrocite. Chemistry of Materials, 27. 3966-3978 doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00856
Liao, Shuai, Wang, Xiaoming, Yin, Hui, Post, Jeffrey E., Yan, Yupeng, Tan, Wenfeng, Huang, Qiaoyun, Liu, Fan, Feng, Xionghan (2020) Effects of Al substitution on local structure and morphology of lepidocrocite and its phosphate adsorption kinetics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 276. 109-121 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.02.027
Localities for Lepidocrocite
Showing 811 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Khelfaoui et al. (2020) |
Andorra | |
| Valenti Turu and Michels (1992) |
Angola | |
| Beleque (2010) |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) | |
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2008) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2008) | |
| Bonatti et al. (1976) | |
| Firstova et al. (2022) |
| Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
| Lalou et al. (1993) | |
| Fouquet Y et al. (1993) | |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| The Daydream Mine |
| Megirian (1998) |
| Grondijs +1 other reference |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Queensland Government Department of ... |
| Peter Elliott |
| Francis et al. (1981) |
| Bottrill et al. (2024) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Judy Rowe collection |
| Dunkan et al. (1990) +4 other references |
Austria | |
| P. Pavlicek (1998) |
| Zadorlaky-Stettner (1962) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1) |
| |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Meixner (1967) |
| Groß (1983) |
| Meixner (1981) | |
| |
| |
| Puttner (1987) | |
| Blass (2000) | |
| |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2003) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| R. Hasler Collection |
| Walter (1998) |
| Ucik et al. (1970) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 148./68.:9-15 (1958) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| |
| Knobloch (2007) |
| Pusch et al. (2013) |
| Ertl (2002) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Schillhammer collection |
| Auer (2023) | |
| Winkler (2003) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Baier et al. (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Friedrich (1969) |
| Seemann (1993) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Bojar (1996) |
| Auer (2021) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2020) | |
| Chris Auer collection |
| Meixner (1958) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Tomazic et al. (2012) |
| C.Auer (2020) | |
| Postl et al. (1998) |
| Postl et al. (2013) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2020) |
| Bernhard (2015) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Offenbacher et al. (2015) |
| Dr.Heinz Weninger (1982) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Vavtar (1983) +1 other reference |
| GeoSphere Austria (2026) |
| SCHULZ (1977) |
| Vavtar (1977) |
| Schulz et al. (1970) |
| Steiner et al. (2007) |
| Vavtar (1977) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1982) |
| Wenger (1979) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Schulz (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kirchner et al. (1969) |
| Onac (2025) |
| peter neschen collrction |
| J.G.Haditsch et al. (Lagerstätten fester mineralischer Rohstoffe in Österreich und ihre Bedeutung. Herausgeber: Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, Wien 1979, Seite 5 – 45.) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| van Tassel (1979) |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
| Loeber (2005) +1 other reference |
| |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| - (2002) |
| Zucolotto et al. (2001) |
| Santos (2012) |
| Waber (1991) |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Gilg et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| Petrov et al. (xxxx) +1 other reference |
Cambodia | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
Canada | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Roberts et al. (1980) |
| Moncur et al. (2015) |
| Walker et al. (2009) |
| Walker et al. (2009) |
| Walker et al. (2009) | |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Izawa et al. (2011) |
| Grice (1989) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Rull et al. (2004) |
China | |
| Zhichao Chu (1982) +1 other reference |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) |
| Lin Jun (2006) |
| Xinyu Cao and Tongjiang Tang (1986) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Xuexiang Gu et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Yi-Li et al. (2023) |
| Nie et al. (1994) |
| Tian et al. (2025) |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) |
| Ruheng Fang and Yafan Zhang (1983) |
| Kai Zhang and Yongdong Shi (2000) |
| Lu et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Jiannian Zeng (1991) |
| Lai et al. (2026) |
| Quan Liu (2003) +1 other reference |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
| Liangju Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Guosheng Feng et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Yiyun Wang et al. (2012) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Haibin Zhao and Jiemei Li (2012) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Zhang et al. (2005) |
| Bingyu Zhu et al. (2010) |
| Zhuan Tao et al. (2002) |
| Minghua Zheng et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) |
| Hongzhang Dai et al. (2014) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
Croatia | |
| Šoštarić (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Fojt |
| Fojt | |
| Fojt (A) | |
| Matýsek D. (Outer Western Carpathians) |
| Matýsek et al. (2026) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Fojt et al. (1994) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Fojt (1957) |
| Ordynec |
Egypt | |
| Tosson et al. (1974) |
| Feteha et al. (2022) |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Feng Liu et al. (2009) |
Europe | |
| ATANASSOVA +1 other reference | |
Fiji | |
| Naden +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen (1980) |
| Schwertmann (1987) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| Gourault et al. (2021) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| |
| - (2007) | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| ... |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Martaud et al. (2004) |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Podwojewski et al. (1996) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Lebocey (2014) |
| |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| J.-P. Bourgarel collection. EDS by the ... |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France Numéro 14 ( Lozère ) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2007) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal collection - Obtained ... |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Bernadi et al. (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Belot (1978) | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pierrot et al. (1972) |
| Pierrot et al. (1972) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Grimm (1989) |
| Lorenz (2001) |
| Lorenz (2003) |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| Langer (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Lapis (10) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gerstenberg et al. (2017) |
| Kirnbauer (1984) |
| Dana 7:I:644 & II:760 |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| Mineralienwelt.de +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Stefan Koch Collection |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Kaufhold et al. (2026) |
| |
| Hotze (1989) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Prüfer (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Reinhardt (2011) |
| 54 +1 other reference | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Johannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Dana 7:I:644. |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) | |
| Lapis 33 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hucko et al. (2009) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| found by FdW |
| joy désor collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Golze et al. (2013) |
| Remmert (2023) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Kratzsch (2006) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Golze +3 other references | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Emser Hefte 1987 (4) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Rolf Golze +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| found by Frank de Wit |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Marcus Voigt Collection | |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Burkhardt (2010) |
| Dana 7:I:644. |
| Th.Lühr collection |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
| Jahn (1999) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| www.vogtlandkristall.de (2020) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Scheven et al. (2022) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Grolig et al. (1978) +2 other references | |
| |
| Branko Rieck | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) | |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) | |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) | |
| Papadakis (1975) |
| Wagner et al. (Hrsg.) |
| Kilias et al. (2001) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (1995) |
| Rooks et al. (2026) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) |
| Csaba Papp collection | |
| Elsholtz et al. (1974) |
| NAGY et al. (2000) | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) |
India | |
| Ramakrishna et al. (1995) |
| Prichard et al. (2018) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Hou et al. (2024) |
Indonesia | |
| Božidar Zalokar (1990) |
Iran | |
| حسینخانی; ملاصالحی (2015) |
| Marouti et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Nezafati et al. (2005) |
| www.fos.ut.ac.ir (2004) +1 other reference |
| Maghfouri et al. (2018) |
| Maghfouri et al. (2018) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| · Seveke (1986/1987) |
| Larocca (2012) |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... +1 other reference |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (3) |
| Carbone et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| Servida et al. (2010) |
| Servida et al. (2010) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Raccagni (2018) |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Barresi et al. (2003) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Brizio et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Silvio Bianco et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Moldovan et al. (2013) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Mair (1996) |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2026) |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Dr. GIOVANNI MONTINI (GR) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| EDX analysis at Pisa University |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Marco Bonifazi find & collection +1 other reference | |
| Benvenuti et al. (2000) |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) |
| Boscardin et al. (2014) |
| Domenico Saccardo et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Osakabe et al. (1983) |
| Nambu et al (1979) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| LIN et al. (2020) |
Jordan | |
| Khoury et al. (1982) |
Kazakhstan | |
| [var: Hydrolepidocrocite] Singer et al. (2008) |
| ArcelorMittal |
Madagascar | |
| Pezotta (1996) |
| Pezzotta (1999) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Moore et al. (2003) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Minera Autlan |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| Pršek et al. (2020) |
| Pršek et al. (2020) |
Namibia | |
| - (See Hematite.) |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| Golden et al. (1995) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Netherlands | |
| |
| T.G. Nijland | |
| T.G. Nijland | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Watters |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Robert James McKelveyCollection | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Moore (1979) |
| Moore (1979) | |
| Swindale et al. (1968) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Boev et al. (1993) |
Norway | |
| Butler (1954) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-3621 ( Ex Harald Folvik collection) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
| Nordrum (2009) |
| Nagell (2002) |
| Ramberg (1969) |
| Husdal (2020) |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Kristiansen (1998) |
| Bøe (2001) |
| Added by Stuart Mills 14.11.2002 |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2025) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2025) | |
Philippines | |
| Zhigang Wang (2010) |
Poland | |
| Stankowski et al. (2002, December) +2 other references |
| Musiał J. 1996: Results of preliminary ... |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Paulo A. 1970: Minerały niklu i bizmutu w żyłach kruszcowych okolicy Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie, Dolny Śląsk) |
| Siuda (2003) |
| Traube (1888) | |
| Roth (1867) |
| Dathe E. 1904 - Erläuterungen zur ... +1 other reference | |
| www.bip.gluszyca.pl (n.d.) |
| Klukowski (2014) |
| Kruszewski (2012) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Artur Neves collection |
| Gomes et al. (2016) |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| Lneg/Siorminp (Rui Nunes Nov 2011) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino collection | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (2017) |
| desescaut.jyà@voila.fr |
Qatar | |
| SJ Nasir (2003) |
Red Sea | |
| Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: ... | |
Romania | |
| Ş +1 other reference |
| Ş +1 other reference | |
| Marincea (1999) +2 other references |
| Marincea (2000) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Costin et al. (2005) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
Russia | |
| Kovalev et al. (2006) |
| Kislov et al. (2022) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2017) |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Pekov et al. (2013) |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Ivan Novikov find & collection |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2019) |
| Novgorodova et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Chukanov et al. (2009) |
| Shcheka et al. (2006) |
| Kochetkov A. Ya. (2006) |
| Anisimova et al. (2020) |
| Anisimova et al. (2025) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
Serbia | |
| Mineco Limited |
Slovakia | |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Sejkora et al. (2003) | |
| Háber et al. (SGR) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra (1990) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Drnzíková L. (1969) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (2008) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Martini (1997) |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Southern Africa | |
| von Bezing et al. (2000) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) +1 other reference |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| José Miguel Sola |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| - (Wrong ID - Iridescent "turgite" from this locality is goethite, not lepidocrocite. ) |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Weibel (1954) |
| Weibel (1954) | |
| Sergio González collection |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2026) | |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2026) | |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (2004) |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Wenk et al. (2019) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| |
| |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Schad (1989) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Tunisia | |
| Ayari et al. (2025) |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Acarlioğlu +3 other references |
| Yılmazer et al. (2025) |
| F. Arslan et al. (2003) |
| Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013) |
| Kines (1969) |
| Yilmaz et al. (1992) | |
| Kines (1969) | |
| Turan et al. (2026) |
| Turan et al. (2026) | |
| Turan et al. (2026) | |
| ÇİFTÇİ (2011) |
| Santoro (2015) |
| Öztürk et al. (1995) |
| Oyman (2003) |
| Koptagel et al. (2005) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Collection Richard De Nul | |
| |
| G.Curtis collection. |
| S Rust |
| P Haas |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| - (2003) |
| - (2006) | |
| Green et al. (2008) |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual identification) | |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Stevenson et al. (1971) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Wolf Minerals |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Simon et al. (2018) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| - (Rankin & Criddle, 1985) |
Ukraine | |
| Chukhrov F.V. et al. (1987) |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
| Kvasnytsya (2006) |
| |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Doug Graeme identification |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Hutton (1959) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Specimen aquired from Ray Grant |
| Howard (2007) |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| U.S. Borax |
| Palache et al. (1944) +2 other references |
| Armbrustmacher (1988) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Armbrustmacher (1988) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Jeremy Zolan Collection |
| J. Zolan Collec. |
| |
| Bernstein (1976) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:185. |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| ex. Terry Ledford Collection specimen ... |
| USGS PP1049-A (Staatz,1979) |
| Cook (1995) |
| Goldstein (1997) +1 other reference | |
| |
| www.rkci.org (2008) |
| |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Cerato |
| Identified via Raman Spectroscopy by M. ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| The Lapidary Journal (W.C. van Laer) +5 other references |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference |
| Henry L. Jicha (1954) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Peter Zodac |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| Kulp et al. (1951) |
| Kulp et al. (1951) |
| Mineralogy of 10 Geothermal boreholes ... |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| |
| Min. Col. PA +1 other reference |
| Bruce T Mitchell collection +1 other reference |
| The Mineralogy of Pennslvania - 1922 +2 other references | |
| Dana 6:1069. |
| Sloto (2019) | |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| |
| Michael W. Kieron collection +3 other references |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) +1 other reference |
| Craig et al. (1971) |
| Alminas +2 other references | |
| Williams (2017) |
| Vochten et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1985) |
| John Lindell (RWMW) |
| Eric He's Collection |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
| Falster (1987) | |
| Odom et al. (Ordovician) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany