Hibonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Hinde Newton
About Hibonite
Paul Hibon
Formula:
CaAl12O19
Ca may be replaced by minor Ce, Al by minor Ti and Mg.
Colour:
Black to brownisk black , purple
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7½ - 8
Specific Gravity:
3.83 - 3.85
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named after Paul Hibon, a French prospector in Madagascar, who discovered the mineral in June 1953. He sent a parcel with some samples to Jean Behier for examination in the same year. Behier recognized it as a possible new mineral and gave it the working name "hibonite". He forwarded the sample to C. Guillemin, Labratoire de Minéralogie de la Sorbonne, in Paris, France to be further analyzed. It resulted in a description of the new mineral by Curien et al. (1956).
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1897
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1897:1
Similar Names
| Hibbenite | A synonym of Hopeite |
| Hibonite-(Fe) | A synonym of Chihuahuaite |
IMA Classification of Hibonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Hibonite
4.CC.45
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
7.4.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
4 : AB12X19
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
4 : AB12X19
7.9.11
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hbn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hbn | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Pronunciation of Hibonite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hibonite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Black to brownisk black , purple
Comment:
Reddish-brown and translucent in thin fragments
Streak:
Brown
Hardness:
7½ - 8 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {0001}
on {0001}
Parting:
on {1010}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.83 - 3.85 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.09 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hibonite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.807(2) nε = 1.79(1) n = 1.807
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.017
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O brownish-gray, E gray.
Chemistry of Hibonite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl12O19
Ca may be replaced by minor Ce, Al by minor Ti and Mg.
Ca may be replaced by minor Ce, Al by minor Ti and Mg.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Si
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| TiO2 | 0.5 % |
| Al2O3 | 86.1 % |
| V2O3 | 5.8 % |
| MgO | 0.6 % |
| CaO | 8.3 % |
| Total: | 101.3 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Hibonite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/mmc
Setting:
P63/mmc
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.613(1) Å, c = 22.285(8) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 3.97
Unit Cell V:
608.04 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Hexagonal prismatic crystals, flattened on {0001}, also showing steep pyramids. The face {0001} is commonly divided into 6 sectors.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005520 | Hibonite | Bermanec V, Holtstam D, Sturman D, Criddle A J, Back M E, Scavnicar S (1996) Nezilovite, a new member of the magnetoplumbite group, and the crystal chemistry of mognetoplumbite and hibonite The Canadian Mineralogist 34 1287-1297 |  | 1996 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.505 Å | (10) |
| 2.648 Å | (8) |
| 2.812 Å | (6) |
| 2.131 Å | (6) |
| 2.030 Å | (5) |
| 1.404 Å | (5) |
| 2.311 Å | (4) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
| 1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
In metamorphosed limestone, pyroxenite, gneiss, and granulite of the amphibolite to granulite facies; alluvials
Type Occurrence of Hibonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small up to 4 cm large, black hexagonal prismatic crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National School of Mines, Paris, France; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 106213.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Found in an alluvial deposit close to thorianite-bearing skarns
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Hibonite
Relationship of Hibonite to other Species
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 11 photos of Hibonite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 11 photos of Hibonite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 9 photos of Hibonite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 6 photos of Hibonite associated with Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
| 5 photos of Hibonite associated with Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 5 photos of Hibonite associated with Native Vanadium | V |
| 5 photos of Hibonite associated with Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 5 photos of Hibonite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Hibonite associated with Feldspar Group | |
| 4 photos of Hibonite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CC. | Xuite | Ca3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3 |
| 4.CC. | Yttriaite-(Y) | Y2O3 |
| 4.CC. | Allendeite | Sc4Zr3O12 |
| 4.CC. | Chlorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2] |
| 4.CC. | Oboniobite | Mg4Nb2O9 |
| 4.CC. | Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] |
| 4.CC. | Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Shagamite | KFe11O17 |
| 4.CC. | Bitikleite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3 |
| 4.CC. | Anzaite-(Ce) | Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2 |
| 4.CC. | Heamanite-(Ce) | (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3 |
| 4.CC. | Priscillagrewite-(Y) | (Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3 |
| 4.CC. | Strandite | Pb3Mn3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC. | Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.05 | Chrombismite | Bi3+16Cr6+O27 |
| 4.CC.10 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluormayenite | Ca12Al14O32F2 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2] |
| 4.CC.15 | Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
| 4.CC.17 | Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)' | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
| 4.CC.20 | Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU' | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 |
| 4.CC.22 | Gorerite | CaAlFe3+11O19 |
| 4.CC.22 | Kahlenbergite | KAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.25 | Hopmannite | Ba2(Ti5Fe)O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Nixonite | Na2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Yafsoanite | Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Latrappite | Ca2NbFe3+O6 |
| 4.CC.30 | Natroniobite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Bariolakargiite | BaZrO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Megawite | CaSnO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Usturite | Ca3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Elbrusite | Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Monteneveite | Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12 |
| 4.CC.32 | Dzhuluite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Loparite | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 |
| 4.CC.35 | Panguite | (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Macedonite | PbTiO3 |
| 4.CC.37 | Pauloabibite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.40 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 |
| 4.CC.40 | Senaite | Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Davidite-(Y)' | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Uhligite' | Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ? |
| 4.CC.40 | Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 4.CC.45 | Diaoyudaoite | NaAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.45 | Yimengite | K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Nežilovite | PbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hawthorneite | BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Mizraite-(Ce) | Ce(Al11Mg)O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Haggertyite | BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
| 4.CC.45 | Kangite | (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 |
| 4.CC.45 | Chihuahuaite | FeAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Barioferrite | BaFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Plumboferrite | Pb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33 |
| 4.CC.45 | Batiferrite | BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Magnetoplumbite | PbFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.50 | Jeppeite | K2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.55 | Zenzénite | Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC.60 | 'Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.)' | (Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29 |
Other Information
Notes:
Shows a very weak radioactivity: Th: 1000 p. p. m. U: 100 p. p. m. Disolves very slowly in a mixture of sulphuric and phosphoric acids.
en U.
en U.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hibonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1897.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hibonite
Reference List:
Beckett, John R, Live, David, Tsay, Fun-Dow, Grossman, Lawrence, Stolper, Edward (1988) Ti3+ in meteoritic and synthetic hibonite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52 (6) 1479-1495 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90219-0
Utsunomiya, A., Tanaka, K., Morikawa, H., Marumo, F., Kojima, H. (1988) Structure refinement of CaO·6Al2O3. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 75. 197-200 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(88)90317-9
Rakotondrazafy, Michel A. F., Moine, B., Cuney, M. (1996) Mode of formation of hibonite (CaAl 12 O 19 ) within the U-Th skarns from the granulites of S-E Madagascar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 123 (2) 190-201 doi:10.1007/s004100050150
Holtstam, D. (1996) Iron in hibonite: a spectroscopic study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 23 (7). 452-460 doi:10.1007/bf00202031
Ulianov, Alexey, Kalt, Angelika, Pettke, Thomas (2005) Hibonite, Ca(Al,Cr,Ti,Si,Mg,Fe2)12O19, in granulite xenoliths from the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (2) 357-366 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0357
Nagashima, M., Armbruster, T., Hainschwang, T. (2010) A temperature-dependent structure study of gem-quality hibonite from Myanmar. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (5) 871-885 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.871
Doyle, P. M.; Schofield, P. F.; Berry, A. J.; Walker, A. M.; Knight, K. S. (2014) Substitution of Ti3+ and Ti4+ in hibonite (CaAl12O19). American Mineralogist, 99 (7). 1369-1382 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4532
Giannini, M., Ballaran, T. B., Langenhorst, F. (2014) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ti-Mg-bearing hibonites: A single-crystal X-ray study. American Mineralogist, 99 (10) 2060-2067 doi:10.2138/am-2014-4592
Pankin, I. A., Kravtsova, A. N., Polozhentsev, O. E., Soldatov, A. V. (2016) Modelling of substitutional defects in the structure of Ti-bearing hibonite. Journal of Structural Chemistry, 57 (7) 1369-1376 doi:10.1134/s0022476616070106
Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Hatert, Frédéric, Pasero, Marco, Mills, Stuart J. (2019) CNMNC Newsletter No 50, New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2019. Mineralogical Magazine, 83 (4) 615-620 doi:10.1180/mgm.2019.46
Localities for Hibonite
Showing 102 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Lee et al. (1995) |
| Weber et al. (1992, March) +1 other reference |
| Anorthite +2 other references |
| Weber et al. (1994) | |
| Ma et al. (2017) | |
Angola | |
| Beleque (2010) |
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Jeffrey N. Grossman (1988) |
| Russell et al. (1994) | |
| Needham et al. (2103) | |
Argentina | |
| J. D. MacDougall & J. Carlson (1978) |
| Zappettini et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Cámara et al. (2018) |
| Anthony Kampf +1 other reference | |
Australia | |
| Russell et al. (1997) |
| Hutcheon et al. (1982) |
| Fuchs et al. (1970) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Lee et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Analysed at Université du Maine |
Canada | |
| Meteoritics & Planetary Sci. 38 (May 2003) |
China | |
| Zhengmin Cao et al. (1997) |
| Wang et al. (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lee et al. (1995) +2 other references |
Denmark | |
| Haack H. et al. (2012) |
DR Congo | |
| Goresy et al. (1984) |
Egypt | |
| Russell et al. (1994) |
France | |
| A. M. Davis (1985) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Marrocchi et al. (2014) +2 other references |
| Ian D. Hutcheon et al. (1994) |
India | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Sandiford et al. (1991) +3 other references |
| Srinivasan et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| Prinz et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Krestina et al. (2002) |
Israel | |
| J. Hattingh (2019) |
| Griffin et al. (2021) | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Britvin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Krüger et al. (2021) |
Italy | |
| Weisberg et al. (1989) |
| Christophe-Michel-Levy et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
Kenya | |
| Rout et al. (2008) |
| Ulianov et al. (2005) |
Madagascar | |
| Hibonite specimens sold in autumn 2025 ... |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Giuliani et al. (2007) | |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) | |
| Arliguie M photo and specimen | |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Delbos (1955) |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen info | |
| Delbos (1955) +1 other reference |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) | |
| Delbos (1955) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-61 +1 other reference | |
| Schwab (1998) | |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) | |
| Collection and photo: Arliguie Michel (Ex Jean Chervet ) | |
| Delbos (1955) | |
Mexico | |
| Ma et al. (2009) +3 other references |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| Ivanova et al. (2002) |
Myanmar | |
| Harald Schillhammer collection |
| Sieghard Ellenberger data +1 other reference | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Stuart A. Sweeney Smith (2010) | |
| Ivanova et al. (2015) | |
| Ma et al. (2024) | |
Norway | |
| Krot et al. (2019) |
| Dahlgren (2005) |
Oman | |
| Zhang et al. (2009) |
Romania | |
| Michel‐Lévy (1988) |
Russia | |
| Krot et al. (2008) |
| Rappenglück (2022) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ерохин Ю.В. |
| T. Ushikubo (2000) |
South Africa | |
| Richard C. Greenwood (1991) |
Tanzania | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
Ukraine | |
| Yatsenko et al. (2021) |
| Yatsenko et al. (2020) |
| Yatsenko et al. (2017) |
| Nittler et al. (____) +1 other reference |
| MacPherson (1984) | |
| YATSENKO et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Kracher et al. (1985) |
| Lee et al. (1995) |
| Phinney et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Greenwood et al. (1992) |
| Grossite +1 other reference |
| Srinivasan et al. ( 2000) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1998 62 : 265-269 |
| Bischoff et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Outer Space | |
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Vohimena deposit, Tranomaro, Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar