Senaite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Senaite
Joaquim Cândido da Costa Sena
Formula:
Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38
Colour:
Black; oil-green to greenish black in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
5.204 - 5.301
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Eugen Hussak and George Thurland Prior in 1898 in honor of Joaquim Candido da Costa Sena [13 August 1852 Conceição do Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil - June 26, 1919 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil], Professor of Mineralogy, at the School of Mines in Ouro Preto, Brazil. Sena was Director of the School of Mines, as well as President of the State of Minas Gerais, but he is most well-known for his prodigious out-put in the geological, mining, and mineralogical literature. He was recognized internationally by significant honors including: Knight of the Order of the Rose, Official of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Crown of Italy, Official of the French Academy. He belonged to international organizations including: Mineralogical Society of Paris, Mineralogy Imperial Society of St. Petersburg, Geological Society of Paris, Berlin Geological Society, Member of the Latin American Scientific Congress, and Member of the Mining Academy of Letters.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3617
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3617:3
Similar Names
| Cenite | A synonym of Kainite | |
| Lenaite | A valid IMA mineral species | AgFeS2 |
| Sannaite | A rock classification type | |
| Sinoite | A valid IMA mineral species | Si2N2O |
| Suanite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Mg2[B2O5] |
| Suenoite | A valid IMA mineral species | ◻Mn22+Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Sínít | A synonym of 'Syenite' | |
| Zonite | A rock subtype |
IMA Classification of Senaite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+(Mn2+,Y,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn2+)2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH)38
First published:
1898
Classification of Senaite
4.CC.40
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
8.5.1.4
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
5 : AB21O38
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
5 : AB21O38
7.11.32
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sna | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Senaite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black; oil-green to greenish black in transmitted light
Streak:
Brownish-black
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
5.204 - 5.301 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Senaite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nε = 2.50
Birefringence:
Low to moderate
Surface Relief:
Unknown
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Senaite
Mindat Formula:
Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Senaite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.393(2) Å, c = 20.811(5) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.002
Unit Cell V:
1,946.73 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Twinning:
By rotation around [0001], forming cyclic interpenetrant trillings; on {5270}.
Comment:
may be metamict
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009559 | Senaite | Grey I E, Lloyd D J (1976) The crystal structure of senaite Acta Crystallographica B32 1509-1513 |  | 1976 | Diamantina region, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0006379 | Senaite | Armbruster T, Kunz M (1990) Cation arrangement in a unusual uranium-rich senaite: crystal structure study at 130 K European Journal of Mineralogy 2 163-170 | 1990 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.894 Å | (100) |
| 3.43 Å | (90) |
| 1.981 Å | (75) |
| 1.603 Å | (70) |
| 1.447 Å | (70) |
| 2.468 Å | (50) |
| 2.265 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Senaite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 83656, 86037; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, R7241.
Other Language Names for Senaite
Relationship of Senaite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Crichtonite Group:
| Almeidaite | PbZn2(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe3+)18O37(OH,O) | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'Davidite-(Y)' | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) | Trig. |
| Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 | Trig. |
| Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mapiquiroite | (Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe2(Ti,Fe3+,Cr3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU' | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 'UM2003-08-O:AlCaFeREEScTiV' | (Ca,Ce)Sc(Ti,V,Fe,Al)20O38 | |
| 'UM2006-05-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-06-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Sr,Na,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-07-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-08-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr' | (Na,Sr,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38 | |
| 'UM2006-09-O:CaFeMnREESrTiZr' | (Ce,Sr,REE)(Ca,Mn,Zr)Fe2(Ti,Fe)18O38 | |
| 'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)' | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 7 photos of Senaite associated with Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 4 photos of Senaite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Senaite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 3 photos of Senaite associated with Cafarsite | Ca5.9Mn1.7Fe3Ti3(AsO3)12 · 4-5H2O |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with 'Smoky Quartz' | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 2 photos of Senaite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 1 photo of Senaite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CC. | Xuite | Ca3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3 |
| 4.CC. | Yttriaite-(Y) | Y2O3 |
| 4.CC. | Allendeite | Sc4Zr3O12 |
| 4.CC. | Chlorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2] |
| 4.CC. | Oboniobite | Mg4Nb2O9 |
| 4.CC. | Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] |
| 4.CC. | Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 |
| 4.CC. | Shagamite | KFe11O17 |
| 4.CC. | Bitikleite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3 |
| 4.CC. | Anzaite-(Ce) | Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2 |
| 4.CC. | Heamanite-(Ce) | (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3 |
| 4.CC. | Priscillagrewite-(Y) | (Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3 |
| 4.CC. | Strandite | Pb3Mn3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC. | Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.05 | Chrombismite | Bi3+16Cr6+O27 |
| 4.CC.10 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluormayenite | Ca12Al14O32F2 |
| 4.CC.10 | Fluorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2] |
| 4.CC.15 | Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
| 4.CC.17 | Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)' | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
| 4.CC.20 | Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.20 | 'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU' | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 |
| 4.CC.22 | Gorerite | CaAlFe3+11O19 |
| 4.CC.22 | Kahlenbergite | KAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.25 | Hopmannite | Ba2(Ti5Fe)O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Nixonite | Na2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.25 | Yafsoanite | Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Latrappite | Ca2NbFe3+O6 |
| 4.CC.30 | Natroniobite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Bariolakargiite | BaZrO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Megawite | CaSnO3 |
| 4.CC.30 | Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Usturite | Ca3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Elbrusite | Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.32 | Monteneveite | Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12 |
| 4.CC.32 | Dzhuluite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Loparite | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 |
| 4.CC.35 | Panguite | (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 |
| 4.CC.35 | Macedonite | PbTiO3 |
| 4.CC.37 | Pauloabibite | NaNbO3 |
| 4.CC.40 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 |
| 4.CC.40 | Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Davidite-(Y)' | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) |
| 4.CC.40 | 'Uhligite' | Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ? |
| 4.CC.40 | Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
| 4.CC.45 | Diaoyudaoite | NaAl11O17 |
| 4.CC.45 | Yimengite | K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Nežilovite | PbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hawthorneite | BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Mizraite-(Ce) | Ce(Al11Mg)O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Haggertyite | BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
| 4.CC.45 | Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Kangite | (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 |
| 4.CC.45 | Chihuahuaite | FeAl12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Barioferrite | BaFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Plumboferrite | Pb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33 |
| 4.CC.45 | Batiferrite | BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19 |
| 4.CC.45 | Magnetoplumbite | PbFe3+12O19 |
| 4.CC.50 | Jeppeite | K2Ti6O13 |
| 4.CC.55 | Zenzénite | Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15 |
| 4.CC.60 | 'Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.)' | (Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29 |
Other Information
Notes:
may be radioactive
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Senaite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3617.html
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References for Senaite
Reference List:
Hussak, E., Prior, G. T. (1898) On Senaite, a new Mineral belonging to the Ilmenite Group, from Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (54) 30-32 doi:10.1180/minmag.1898.012.54.06
Hussak, E., Reitinger, J. (1903) Ueber Monazit, Xenotim, Senaït und natürliches Zirkonoxyd aus Brasilien. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineralogie, 37 (1). 550-579 doi:10.1524/zkri.1903.37.1.550
Rouse, Roland C., Peacor, Donald R. (1968) The relationship between senaite, magnetoplumbite, and davidite. American Mineralogist, 53 (5-6) 869-879
Grey, I. E., Lloyd, D. J. (1976) The crystal structure of senaite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 32 (5) 1509-1513 doi:10.1107/s0567740876012478
Grey, Ian E., Lloyd, Douglas J., White, John S. Jr. (1976) The structure of crichtonite and its relationship to senaite. American Mineralogist, 61 (11-12) 1203-1212
Foord, Eugene E., Sharp, William N., Adams, John W. (1984) Zinc- and Y-group-bearing senaite from St Peters Dome, and new data on senaite from Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (346) 97-106 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.13
Larsen, Alf Olav (1989) Senaite from syenite pegmatite at Tvedalen in the southern part of the Oslo Region, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 69 (4) 235-238
Armbruster, Thomas; Kunz, Martin (1990) Cation arrangement in a unusual uranium-rich senaite: crystal structure study at 130 K. European Journal of Mineralogy, 2 (2). p.163-170. doi:10.1127/ejm/2/2/0163
Localities for Senaite
Showing 40 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (2007) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Brazil (TL) | |
| Rocks&Min. (Jan.2000) +1 other reference |
| Diamond News +1 other reference |
| Foord +4 other references |
Canada | |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Dianxin Shao and Nicheng Shi (1987) | |
France | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Stergiou et al. (2021) |
Italy | |
| Balestra et al. (2011) |
| P. Orlandi (1) |
| Brizio et al. (2010) |
| www.webmineralshop.com (n.d.) |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kempe et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
North Macedonia | |
| Ilijevski (2012) |
| Bermanec et al. (1992) |
Norway | |
| Larsen (1989) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Компанченко А.А. +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Staatz H.M. and Brownfield I.K. 1986 |
Sweden | |
| |
| Holtstam (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019 |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
USA | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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Grimsel area, Bern, Switzerland