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Mathiasite

A valid IMA mineral species
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08434840017271924887148.jpg
Mathiasite

Kolonkwanen kimberlite prospect, Kgalagadi District, Botswana
07871800017271924916652.jpg
Mathiasite, etc.

Bultfontein Mine, KEM JV Mine, Kimberley, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Frances Baard District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa
08434840017271924887148.jpg
Mathiasite

Kolonkwanen kimberlite prospect, Kgalagadi District, Botswana
07871800017271924916652.jpg
Mathiasite, etc.

Bultfontein Mine, KEM JV Mine, Kimberley, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Frances Baard District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa
08434840017271924887148.jpg
Mathiasite

Kolonkwanen kimberlite prospect, Kgalagadi District, Botswana
07871800017271924916652.jpg
Mathiasite, etc.

Bultfontein Mine, KEM JV Mine, Kimberley, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Frances Baard District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa
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About MathiasiteHide

03937970017271924969435.jpg
Professor Frances Celia Mathias
Formula:
(Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
7½
Specific Gravity:
4.39 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Named by S.E. Haggerty, J.R. Smyth, A.J. Erlank, R.S. Rickard, and R.V. Danchin in 1983 in honor of Frances Celia Morna Mathias (20 May 1913, UK - 2013), petrologist and geochemist. She was a professor in the Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, South Africa. The name is in recognition of her work on alkaline rocks and mantle-derived eclogites and peridotites.
A member of the Crichtonite Group.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2591
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2591:7

IMA Classification of MathiasiteHide

Classification of MathiasiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
4.CC.40

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
Dana 8th ed.:
8.5.1.7

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
5 : AB21O38
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.14.6

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
14 : Oxides of Cr

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
MtsIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of MathiasiteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black
Hardness:
7½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=1378 - 1714 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.39 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of MathiasiteHide

Type:
Uniaxial
Anisotropism:
Moderate; brownish tan to dark brown
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm20.1%20.8%
420nm19.5%20.2%
440nm19.0%19.7%
460nm18.5%19.2%
480nm18.1%18.6%
500nm17.7%18.4%
520nm17.4%18.2%
540nm17.2%17.9%
560nm16.9%17.7%
580nm16.8%17.6%
600nm16.6%17.4%
620nm16.5%17.4%
640nm16.5%17.3%
600nm16.5%17.3%
680nm16.4%17.3%
700nm16.4%17.3%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 20.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
tan
Internal Reflections:
None
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
dark tan.

Chemistry of MathiasiteHide

Mindat Formula:
(Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Ti49.868 %
O40.004 %
Mg10.128 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, O, Ti, Zr - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of MathiasiteHide

Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.361 Å, c = 20.65 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.993
Unit Cell V:
1,919.79 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Grains, to 5 mm

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0009973MathiasiteGatehouse B M, Grey I E, Smyth J R (1983) Structure refinement of mathiasite, (K0.62Na0.14Ba0.14Sr0.10) [Ti12.90Cr3.10Mg1.53Fe2.15Zr0.67Ca0.29V0.36]O38 Acta Crystallographica C39 421-4221983peridotite nodules, Bultfonten kimblerlite, South Africa0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.39 Å(60)
2.99 Å(80)
2.88 Å(80)
2.25 Å(90)
2.14 Å(100)
1.79 Å(70)
1.44 Å(100)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks

Type Occurrence of MathiasiteHide

Co-Type Localities:
ⓘ Kolonkwanen kimberlite prospect, Kgalagadi District, Botswana
ⓘ Jagersfontein Mine, Jagersfontein, Kopanong Local Municipality, Xhariep District Municipality, Free State, South Africa
ⓘ Bultfontein Mine, KEM JV Mine (Kimberley Ekapa Mining Joint Venture mine; Kimberley Underground mine), Kimberley, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Frances Baard District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa
General Appearance of Type Material:
Massive, homogeneous and polycrystalline aggregates to 0.5-5 cm. Many appear to be single crystals, sub-spherical in shape with dimpled surfaces and an outer matte luster.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
The Natural History Museum, London, England.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Kimberlite, peridotite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
BaryteDiopsideIlmeniteLindsleyiteOlivine Group
PerovskitePhlogopiteRutileSpinelTitanite
Reference:
Haggerty, Stephen E., Erlank, J. R. Smyth. A. J., Rickard, R. S., Danchin, R. V. (1983) Lindsleyite (Ba) and mathiasite (K): two new chromium-titanates in the crichtonite series from the upper mantle. American Mineralogist, 68 (5-6) 494-505

Synonyms of MathiasiteHide

Other Language Names for MathiasiteHide

German:Mathiasit
Simplified Chinese:蒙山矿
Spanish:Mathiasita

Relationship of Mathiasite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Crichtonite Group
Other Members of Crichtonite Group:
AlmeidaitePbZn2(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe3+)18O37(OH,O)Trig. 3 : R3
BotuobinskiteSrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2]Trig. 3 : R3
Cleusonite(Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
CrichtoniteSr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
Davidite-(Ce)Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38Trig. 3 : R3
Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38Trig. 3 : R3
'Davidite-(Y)'(La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical)Trig.
Dessauite-(Y)(Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38Trig. 3 : R3
Gramaccioliite-(Y)(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
Haitaite-(La)LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38Trig. 3 : R3
LandauiteNaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3
Lindsleyite(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38Trig.
Loveringite(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
Mapiquiroite(Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe2(Ti,Fe3+,Cr3+)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
Mianningite(◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
MirnyiteSrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38Trig. 3 : R3
PaseroitePbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 Trig. 3 : R3
SaranovskiteSrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3
SenaitePb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU'~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38Trig. 3 : R3
'UM2003-08-O:AlCaFeREEScTiV'(Ca,Ce)Sc(Ti,V,Fe,Al)20O38
'UM2006-05-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr'(Sr,Na,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38
'UM2006-06-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr'(Sr,Na,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38
'UM2006-07-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr'(Na,Sr,K,REE)(Ca,Zr,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38
'UM2006-08-O:CaFeKMnNaREESrTiZr'(Na,Sr,K,REE)(Zr,Ca,Mn)(Ti,Fe)18Fe2O38
'UM2006-09-O:CaFeMnREESrTiZr'(Ce,Sr,REE)(Ca,Mn,Zr)Fe2(Ti,Fe)18O38
'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)'NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
2 photos of Mathiasite associated with Lindsleyite(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

4.CC.XuiteCa3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
4.CC.Yttriaite-(Y)Y2O3Iso. m3(2/m3)
4.CC.AllendeiteSc4Zr3O12Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.ChlorkyuygeniteCa12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2]Iso. 43m : I43d
4.CC.OboniobiteMg4Nb2O9Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3c1
4.CC.BotuobinskiteSrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2]Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.MirnyiteSrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.Haitaite-(La)LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.ShagamiteKFe11O17Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.BitikleiteCa3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.Anzaite-(Ce)Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.CC.Heamanite-(Ce)(K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
4.CC.Priscillagrewite-(Y)(Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3Iso.
4.CC.StranditePb3Mn3+4Mn4+3O15Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm
4.CC.SaranovskiteSrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.05ChrombismiteBi3+16Cr6+O27Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
4.CC.10FreudenbergiteNa2(Ti,Fe)8O16Mon.
4.CC.10FluormayeniteCa12Al14O32F2Iso. 43m : I43d
4.CC.10FluorkyuygeniteCa12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2]Iso. 43m : I43d
4.CC.15GrossiteCaAl4O7Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CC.17GoldschmidtiteKNbO3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
4.CC.20'Unnamed (HBU UK-4)'NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.20ChlormayeniteCa12Al14O32[◻4Cl2]Iso. 43m : I43d
4.CC.20PaseroitePbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.20Mianningite(◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.20'UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU'~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.22GoreriteCaAlFe3+11O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.22KahlenbergiteKAl11O17Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.25HopmanniteBa2(Ti5Fe)O13Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.CC.25NixoniteNa2Ti6O13Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.CC.25YafsoaniteCa3Te6+2(ZnO4)3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.30LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CC.30NatroniobiteNaNbO3Mon.
4.CC.30PerovskiteCaTiO3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CC.30LueshiteNaNbO3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.CC.30BariolakargiiteBaZrO3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
4.CC.30BarioperovskiteBaTiO3Orth. mm2 : Amm2
4.CC.30MegawiteCaSnO3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pban
4.CC.30LakargiiteCa(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CC.32UsturiteCa3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.32ElbrusiteCa3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.32MonteneveiteCa3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.32DzhuluiteCa3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Ia3d
4.CC.35TausoniteSrTiO3Iso. 43m
4.CC.35Loparite(Na,REE)2Ti2O6Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
4.CC.35Panguite(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
4.CC.35Isolueshite(Na,La)NbO3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pm3m
4.CC.35MacedonitePbTiO3Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/nmm
4.CC.37PauloabibiteNaNbO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40LandauiteNaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40SenaitePb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Gramaccioliite-(Y)(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Lindsleyite(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38Trig.
4.CC.40CrichtoniteSr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Loveringite(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Cleusonite(Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Davidite-(Ce)Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.40'Davidite-(Y)'(La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical)Trig.
4.CC.40'Uhligite'Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ?Iso.
4.CC.40Dessauite-(Y)(Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38Trig. 3 : R3
4.CC.45DiaoyudaoiteNaAl11O17Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45YimengiteK(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45NežilovitePbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45HawthorneiteBaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45Mizraite-(Ce)Ce(Al11Mg)O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45HaggertyiteBaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45LindqvistitePb2Mn2+Fe16O27Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45HiboniteCaAl12O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45Kangite(Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 Iso. m3(2/m3)
4.CC.45ChihuahuaiteFeAl12O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45BarioferriteBaFe3+12O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45PlumboferritePb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33Trig. 32 : P312
4.CC.45BatiferriteBaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.45MagnetoplumbitePbFe3+12O19Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
4.CC.50JeppeiteK2Ti6O13Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.CC.55ZenzénitePb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm
4.CC.60'Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.)'(Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for MathiasiteHide

References for MathiasiteHide

Reference List:
Haggerty, Stephen E., Erlank, J. R. Smyth. A. J., Rickard, R. S., Danchin, R. V. (1983) Lindsleyite (Ba) and mathiasite (K): two new chromium-titanates in the crichtonite series from the upper mantle. American Mineralogist, 68 (5-6) 494-505
Gatehouse, B. M.; Grey, I. E.; Smyth, J. R. (1983) Structure refinement of mathiasite, (K0.62Na0.14 Ba0.14Sr0.10)Σ1.0[Ti12.90Cr3.10Mg1.53Fe2.15Zr0.67Ca0.29(V,Nb,Al)0.36]Σ21.0O38. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 39 (4). p.421-422. doi:10.1107/s0108270183004965
Haggerty, Stephen E., Erlank, J. R. Smyth. A. J., Rickard, R. S., Danchin, R. V. (1983) Lindsleyite (Ba) and mathiasite (K): two new chromium-titanates in the crichtonite series from the upper mantle. American Mineralogist, 68 (5-6) 494-505
Qi Lu and Zhizhong Peng (1987): Crystal structure of Mathiasite. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 6(3), 221-229 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Foley, Stephen; Höfer, Heidi; Brey, Gerhard (1994) High-pressure synthesis of priderite and members of the lindsleyite-mathiasite and hawthorneite-yimengite series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 117 (2). p.164-174. doi:10.1007/bf00286840
Wülser, P.-A., Brugger, J., Meisser, N. (2004) The crichtonite group of minerals: a review of the classification. Bulletin de liaison de la Société Francaise de Minéralogie et Cristallographie: 16: 76-77.
(2005) Mathiasite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for MathiasiteHide

Showing 8 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Botswana (TL)
 
  • Kgalagadi District
Haggerty et al. (1983)
China
 
  • Shandong
    • Linyi
      • Fei County
Weiguo Zhong et al. (2003)
      • Mengyin County
Jianhong Zhang et al. (1986) +1 other reference
Qi Lu and Zhizhong Peng (1987) +1 other reference
Russia
 
  • Sakha
    • Mirninsky District
      • Mirny
Sobolev et al. (1997)
South Africa (TL)
 
  • Free State
    • Xhariep District Municipality
      • Kopanong Local Municipality
        • Jagersfontein
Haggerty et al. (1983)
  • Northern Cape
    • Frances Baard District Municipality
      • Sol Plaatje Local Municipality
        • Kimberley
Haggerty et al. (1983)
          • KEM JV Mine (Kimberley Ekapa Mining Joint Venture mine; Kimberley Underground mine)
Haggerty et al. (1983)
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