Spinel
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Spinel
Formula:
MgAl2O4
Colour:
Black, blue, red, violet , green, brown, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7½ - 8
Specific Gravity:
3.6 - 4.1
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1779 by Belgian physician, naturalist, geologist, and mineralogist Jean Démeste (1743 - 20 August 1783, Liège, Belgium) from Latin "spinella", little thorn, alluding to its sharp octahedral crystals. Confused with carbuncle = ruby in former times.
Extensive substitutions of other elements can be used to define some mineral series, e.g. Spinel-Hercynite Series, Gahnite-Spinel Series, and the Magnesiochromite-Spinel Series, although these can be complex with multiple substitutions.
At high temperature, Mg and Al show some disorder in the crystal structure. This disorder can be partially retained by fast cooling (Lucchesi and Della Giusta, 1997).
The name spinel has commonly been used in petrological literature as a synonym for any spinel group minerals, especially in igneous rocks.
Usually red due to trace chromium. Other coloured to black varieties are due to the incorporation of higher amounts of Cr, Fe, V and various other elements. A few spinels from Sri Lanka can show an alexandrite-type colour change effect.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Spinel.
At high temperature, Mg and Al show some disorder in the crystal structure. This disorder can be partially retained by fast cooling (Lucchesi and Della Giusta, 1997).
The name spinel has commonly been used in petrological literature as a synonym for any spinel group minerals, especially in igneous rocks.
Usually red due to trace chromium. Other coloured to black varieties are due to the incorporation of higher amounts of Cr, Fe, V and various other elements. A few spinels from Sri Lanka can show an alexandrite-type colour change effect.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Spinel.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3729
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3729:3
Similar Names
| 2-3 Spinels | A synonym of Spinel Subgroup |
| 4-2 Spinels | A synonym of Ulvöspinel Subgroup |
IMA Classification of Spinel
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Spinel
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.4.9
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Spl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Spl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Spl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Spl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Spl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Spl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Spinel
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Splendent to dull
Colour:
Black, blue, red, violet , green, brown, pink
Comment:
Natural spinel usually contains some minor and trace elements (e.g., Cr, Co, Fe, V) that may cause various hues. The ratios of these chromophores directly affect the color composition. The red color in spinel is attributed to the combination of significant Cr and V. Magenta and purple to blue and green colors in spinels are affected by the significant Fe concentration, whereas orange color in spinel shows the contribution of significant V content compared to Cr and Fe. After the heating experiment, advanced gemological investigation reveals some noteworthy characteristic features. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicates a greater change in oxidation state, as well as disordering of Fe and V. Broadening of the dominant peak at around 406 cm−1 with occurrences of additional small peaks at around 715–719 cm−1 in Raman spectra, as well as broadening of the 685 nm (R-line) and poorly defined structure of additional peaks (N-lines) in photoluminescence spectra should be significant indicators of spinel undergone heat treatment. Pluthametwisute et. al. (2022)
The trace element contents of the four areas are different. Burmese spinel is poor in Fe and Zn (Fe: 135.68–3925 ppm; Zn: 338.58–1312 ppm), while Burmese red spinel is rich in Cr (up to 7387 ppm). Vietnamese spinel is rich in Fe (3669.63–19,425 ppm) and poor in Ti content (<89 ppm), while Tanzanian spinel is rich in Zn (5129.96–7008 ppm). High content of Cr + V can lead to the red color in spinel, and the contents of Cr and V change obviously with color. Spinels appear red when Cr content is higher than V, while spinels appear orange when V content is higher than Cr. The red, pink, and orange spinels are colored by Cr3+ and V3+, showing a wide absorption band centered at 400 nm and 550 nm. Fe plays a dominant role in purple spinels. The purple spinel is colored by Fe3+ and Fe2+.
The trace element contents of the four areas are different. Burmese spinel is poor in Fe and Zn (Fe: 135.68–3925 ppm; Zn: 338.58–1312 ppm), while Burmese red spinel is rich in Cr (up to 7387 ppm). Vietnamese spinel is rich in Fe (3669.63–19,425 ppm) and poor in Ti content (<89 ppm), while Tanzanian spinel is rich in Zn (5129.96–7008 ppm). High content of Cr + V can lead to the red color in spinel, and the contents of Cr and V change obviously with color. Spinels appear red when Cr content is higher than V, while spinels appear orange when V content is higher than Cr. The red, pink, and orange spinels are colored by Cr3+ and V3+, showing a wide absorption band centered at 400 nm and 550 nm. Fe plays a dominant role in purple spinels. The purple spinel is colored by Fe3+ and Fe2+.
Streak:
Greyish white
Hardness:
7½ - 8 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
Separation plane {111} indistinct and probably represents parting rather than cleavage.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
3.6 - 4.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.578 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density increases with iron and zinc content.
Optical Data of Spinel
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.719
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Anomalous in some blue Zn-bearing varieties.
Chemistry of Spinel
Mindat Formula:
MgAl2O4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Zn,Mn,Ca
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 0.08 % | 0.01 % | 0.03 % | 0.03 % | 0.03 % | |
| TiO2 | 0.10 % | 0.01 % | 0.41 % | 0.01 % | ||
| Al2O3 | 59.42 % | 69.75 % | 63.77 % | 69.41 % | 55.61 % | 62.21 % |
| Ga2O3 | 0.01 % | 0.01 % | 0.04 % | 0.02 % | 0.02 % | |
| V2O3 | 0.06 % | 0.01 % | 0.23 % | 0.08 % | 0.01 % | |
| Cr2O3 | 8.66 % | 0.85 % | 0.11 % | 10.68 % | ||
| Fe2O3* | 0.60 % | 0.06 % | 0.70 % | |||
| FeO* | 9.70 % | 6.19 % | 20.16 % | 7.74 % | 15.64 % | |
| MnO | 0.09 % | 0.23 % | 0.11 % | 0.13 % | 0.39 % | 0.07 % |
| CoO | 0.02 % | 0.05 % | 0.11 % | |||
| NiO | 0.40 % | 0.02 % | 0.01 % | 0.16 % | ||
| ZnO | 0.08 % | 0.01 % | 0.23 % | 0.38 % | 0.71 % | |
| MgO | 20.40 % | 23.89 % | 14.40 % | 22.98 % | 15.48 % | 13.00 % |
| FeO | 22.54 % | |||||
| CaO | 0.12 % | |||||
| Total: | 99.62 % | 100.1 % | 100.28 % | 100.96 % | 99.54 % | 97.97 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 7 | (Mg0.69Fe0.34)Al1.92Si0.04O4 |
| 1 | (Mg0.78Fe2+0.21Ni0.01)(Al1.80Cr0.18Fe3+0.01)O4 |
| 2 | (Mg0.87Fe2+0.13)(Al2.00)O4 |
| 3 | (Mg0.56Fe2+0.44)(Al1.96Cr0.02Ti0.01)O4 |
| 4 | (Mg0.83Fe2+0.16Zn0.01)Al1.99O4 |
| 5 | (Mg0.62Fe2+0.35Mn2+0.01Zn0.01)(Al1.76Cr0.23Fe3+0.01)O4 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kilbourne Hole, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, USA | deep green (in thin section) spinel accompanying forsterite, enstatite and diopside, in lherzolite xenolith in basalt | |
| 2 | Andranokaolo thorianite deposit, Tranomaro, Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar | spinel with hibonite and abundant corundum and anorthite, in Ca-Al-rich granulite | |
| 3 | Pennycross sapphire occurrence, Loch Scridain area, Isle of Mull, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK | scattered spinel with corundum, cordierite, mullite, sanidine, plagioclase, glass, and additional oxides in clots of sanidinite-facies metapelite ("buchite") | |
| 4 | Edenville, Town of Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA | spinel with warwickite, forsterite and clinohumite in high-grade magnesian marble | |
| 5 | Longido District, Arusha Region, Tanzania | sparse partially-relict(?) Cr-bearing spinel as tiny inclusions within zoisite, in a zoisite+pargasite+corundum high-grade meta-gabbroid | |
| 6 | Danmarkshavn eclogites, Danmarkshavn, Northeast Greenland National Park, Greenland | Retrograde spinel from a sapphirine+spinel+plagioclase symplectite after kyanite in a kyanite-eclogite. EMPA analysis. | |
| 7 | Kjøde, Selje, Stad, Vestland, Norway | A coarse-grained spinel-plagioclase symplectite in a kyanite-eclogite. Sample has been taken from Eskola's (1921)original material. |
Crystallography of Spinel
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.0898(9) Å
Unit Cell V:
529.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Usually octahedral; less often modified by a{010} or d{011}; dodecahedral or cubic rare. Massive, coarse-granular to compact.
Twinning:
Common on {111} (spinel law), with twinned aggregates often flattened parallel to {111}, the composite plane. Sixlings due to repeated twinning noted.
Comment:
On synthetic material
Crystallographic forms of Spinel
Crystal Atlas:
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Spinel no.1 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Spinel no.9 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Spinel no.23 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0002144 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 |  | 1999 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0002106 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 299 | |
| 0001459 | Spinel | Ross C R, Armbruster T, Canil D (1992) Crystal structure refinement of a spinelloid in the system Fe3O4-Fe2SiO4 American Mineralogist 77 507-511 | | 1992 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001399 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001398 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002159 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 364 | |
| 0002160 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 374 | |
| 0002143 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 405 | |
| 0002161 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 420 | |
| 0002142 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 464 | |
| 0002145 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 473 | |
| 0002162 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 502 | |
| 0002141 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 516 | |
| 0002163 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 563 | |
| 0002140 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 610 | |
| 0002164 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 636 | |
| 0002146 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0002107 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 683 | |
| 0002165 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 707 | |
| 0002108 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 707 | |
| 0002139 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 710 | |
| 0002109 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 766 | |
| 0002138 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 770 | |
| 0002147 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 773 | |
| 0002166 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 778 | |
| 0002137 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 834 | |
| 0002110 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 837 | |
| 0002167 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 848 | |
| 0002148 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0001400 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0002136 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 898 | |
| 0002111 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 903 | |
| 0002168 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 916 | |
| 0001401 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0002135 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 961 | |
| 0002112 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 969 | |
| 0002149 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0001403 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0001402 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0002169 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 984 | |
| 0001404 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1023 | |
| 0002134 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1024 | |
| 0002113 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1035 | |
| 0002150 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0001406 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0001405 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0002170 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1080 | |
| 0002133 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1088 | |
| 0002114 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1100 | |
| 0002190 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1107 | |
| 0002171 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1116 | |
| 0001407 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1123 | |
| 0002132 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1152 | |
| 0002115 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1164 | |
| 0002189 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1171 | |
| 0002151 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0001409 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0001408 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0002172 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1182 | |
| 0002131 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1214 | |
| 0002116 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1228 | |
| 0002173 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1232 | |
| 0002188 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1235 | |
| 0002152 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0001411 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0001410 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | | 1991 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0002130 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1278 | |
| 0002117 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1291 | |
| 0002187 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1299 | |
| 0002174 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1311 | |
| 0002118 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1355 | |
| 0002186 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1362 | |
| 0002153 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1373 | |
| 0002175 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1376 | |
| 0002129 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1405 | |
| 0002119 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1418 | |
| 0002185 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1427 | |
| 0002176 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1441 | |
| 0002128 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1468 | |
| 0002154 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1473 | |
| 0002120 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1481 | |
| 0002184 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1492 | |
| 0002177 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1506 | |
| 0002127 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1532 | |
| 0002121 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1544 | |
| 0002183 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1557 | |
| 0002178 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1573 | |
| 0002155 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1573 | |
| 0002126 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1595 | |
| 0002122 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1606 | |
| 0002182 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1622 | |
| 0002179 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1639 | |
| 0002123 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1644 | |
| 0002125 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1650 | |
| 0002124 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1662 | |
| 0002181 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1671 | |
| 0002156 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1673 | |
| 0002180 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1676 | |
| 0002157 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1773 | |
| 0002158 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | | 1999 | 0 | 1873 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Spinel
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Magnesiotaaffeite-2N’2S' | Mg3Al8BeO16 |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.66 Å | (35) |
| 2.858 Å | (40) |
| 2.437 Å | (100) |
| 2.020 Å | (65) |
| 1.5554 Å | (45) |
| 1.4289 Å | (55) |
| 1.0524 Å | (12) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
| 1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
| 4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
As an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, principally basalts, peridotites, kimberlites. In marbles, pegmatites.
Synonyms of Spinel
Other Language Names for Spinel
Varieties of Spinel
| Alkali-spinel | Variety of spinel containing Na2O 1.38%, K2O 1.31%. Originally reported from Mansjöberg, Los, Ljusdal, Hälsingland, Sweden. |
| Almandine Spinel | A misleading name for a natural purple spinel. |
| Aluminium Spinel | Octahedral crystals from a slag said to give analyses corresponding to Al3O4. |
| Balas Ruby | An old name for rose-red spinel. |
| Ceylonite | A ferroan spinel with Mg:Fe from 3:1 and 1:1 and little or no ferric iron. |
| Chlorospinel | A green, Fe-bearing variety of spinel containing Fe3+ next in abundance after Al. |
| Ferropicotite | An Fe2+-bearing (ferroan) variety of spinel. |
| Gahnospinel | A variety of spinel rich in zinc. May grade into gahnite. Originally reported from Gem gravels, Ratnapura, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka. |
| Iron-magnesia Spinel | A ferroan variety of spinel. |
| Jedi spinel | The spinel samples from Man Sin in Myanmar, with their bright neon pinkish red to reddish pink color being recognized as “Jedi” spinel by Myanmar and Thai jewelers. |
| Magnesium and Chromium-bearing Spinel | From DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., with hawthorneite. |
| Magnochromite | A Cr-bearing variety of spinel. |
| Pleonaste | An Fe2+-bearing (ferroan) variety of spinel, often exhibiting crystal forms more complex than the basic octahedron with crystallography exhibiting combinations of the octahedron with either the dodecahedron d{011} or more rarely the cube a{001} forms. |
| Rozircon | |
| Rubicelle | Yellow to orange-red variety. |
| Ruby Spinel | Name applied to gemmy red-colored spinel. |
| Titano-spinel | A doubtful Ti-bearing spinel. Originally reported from Mikro-Lakka Emery deposit, Kerketeas Mt (Kerkis Mt), Sámos Island, Sámos Prefecture, Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department, Greece. |
Relationship of Spinel to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
| Chihmingite | NiAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 42m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Jacobsite-Q' | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4132 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4332 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'UM1994-06-O:AlCo' | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 558 photos of Spinel associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 304 photos of Spinel associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 287 photos of Spinel associated with Magnesiohögbomite subgroup | |
| 162 photos of Spinel associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 149 photos of Spinel associated with Forsterite | Mg2(SiO4) |
| 133 photos of Spinel associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 89 photos of Spinel associated with Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 59 photos of Spinel associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 53 photos of Spinel associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 51 photos of Spinel associated with Graphite | C |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Spinel in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Spinel
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References for Spinel
Reference List:
Tilley, C. E. (1923) Paragenesis of the Minerals of the Three Component System MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in Thermal Metamorphism. Geological Magazine, 60 (3) 101-107 doi:10.1017/s0016756800084727
Anderson, B. W., Payne, C. J. (1937) Magnesium-zinc-spinels from Ceylon. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 24 (158) 547-554 doi:10.1180/minmag.1937.024.158.01
Goodenough, J. B., Loeb, A. L. (1955) Theory of Ionic Ordering, Crystal Distortion, and Magnetic Exchange Due to Covalent Forces in Spinels. Physical Review, 98 (2). 391-408 doi:10.1103/physrev.98.391
Fischer, P. (1967) Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung der Strukturen von MgAl2O4- und ZnAl2O4-Spinellen, in Abhängigkeit von der Vorgeschichte. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 124 (4-5). 275-302 doi:10.1524/zkri.1967.124.4-5.275
Sawatzky, G. A., Van Der Woude, F., Morrish, A. H. (1969) Recoilless-Fraction Ratios for 57Fe in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Sites of a Spinel and a Garnet. Physical Review, 183 (2). 383-386 doi:10.1103/physrev.183.383
Liu, Lin-gun (1975) Disproportionation of MgAl2O4spinel at high pressures and temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters, 2 (1) 9-11 doi:10.1029/gl002i001p00009
Stubican, V.S., Greskovich, C. (1975) Trivalent and divalent chromium ions in spinels. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39 (6) 875-881 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(75)90033-2
Schmocker, U, Waldner, F (1976) The inversion parameter with respect to the space group of MgAl2O4spinels. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 9 (9). doi:10.1088/0022-3719/9/9/003
Danckwerth, P. A., Newton, R. C. (1978) Experimental determination of the spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite reaction in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the range 900-1100 °C and Al2O3 isopleths of enstatite in the spinel field. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66 (2). 189-201 doi:10.1007/bf00372158
Yamanaka, T., Takéuchi, Y. (1983) Order-disorder transition in MgAl2O4 spinel at high temperatures up to 1700 °C. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 165 (14). 65-78 doi:10.1524/zkri.1983.165.14.65
Osborne, M.D., Fleet, M.E., Bancroft, G.M. (1984) Next-nearest neighbor effects in the Mössbauer spectra of (Cr,Al) spinels. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 53. 174-183 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(84)90092-6
Yamanaka, T., Takéuchi, Y., Tokonami, M. (1984) Anharmonic thermal vibrations of atoms in MgAl2O4 spinel at temperatures up to 1933 K. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 40 (2) 96-102 doi:10.1107/s0108768184001816
Radhakrishna, S.; Badarinath, K. V. S. (1984) D.C. electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of MgAl2-xFexO4 spinel ferrite. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 3 (10). 867-871 doi:10.1007/bf00719574
J. Wood, Bernard, Virgo, David (1989) Upper mantle oxidation state: Ferric iron contents of Iherzolite spinels by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and resultant oxygen fugacities. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53 (6) 1277-1291 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90062-8
Princivallel, F., Della Giusta, A., Carbonin, S. (1989) Comparative crystal chemistry of spinels from some suites of ultramafic rocks. Mineralogy and Petrology, 40 (2) 117-126 doi:10.1007/bf01164322
Irifune, T., Fujino, K., Ohtani, E. (1991) A new high-pressure form of MgAl2O4. Nature, 349 (6308). 409-411 doi:10.1038/349409a0
Peterson, R. C., Lager, G. A., Hitterman, R. L. (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K. American Mineralogist, 76 (9-10) 1455-1458
Garapon, C., Manaa, H., Moncorgé, R. (1991) Absorption and fluorescence properties of Cr3+ doped nonstoichiometric green spinel. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 95 (8). 5501-5512 doi:10.1063/1.461623
Cynn, H., Sharma, S. K., Cooney, T. F., Nicol, M. (1992) High-temperature Raman investigation of order-disorder behavior in theMgAl2O4spinel. Physical Review B, 45 (1) 500-502 doi:10.1103/physrevb.45.500
Millard, Roberta L., Peterson, Ronald C., Hunter, Brian K. (1992) Temperature dependence of cation disorder in MgAl2O4 spinel using 27Al and 17O magic-angle spinning NMR. American Mineralogist, 77 (1-2) 44-52
Della Giusta, Antonio, Ottonello, Giulio (1993) Energy and long-range disorder in simple spinels. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20 (4). 228-241 doi:10.1007/bf00208136
Askarpour, V., Manghnani, M.H., Fassbender, S., Yoneda, A. (1993) Elasticity of single-crystal MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1273 K by Brillouin spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 19 (8) doi:10.1007/bf00203051
Cynn, Hyunchae, Anderson, Orson L., Nicol, Malcolm (1994) Effects of Cation Disordering in a Natural MgAl2O4 Spinel Observed by Rectangular Parallelepiped Ultrasonic Resonance and Raman Measurements. In Experimental Techniques in Mineral and Rock Physics. Birkhäuser Basel. p.415-444. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-5108-4_11
Carpenter, Michael A., Salje, Ekhard K. H. (1994) Thermodynamics of nonconvergent cation ordering in minerals: II. Spinels and the orthopyroxene solid solution. American Mineralogist, 79 (11-12) 1068-1083
Gillot, B. (1994) Infrared spectrometric investigation of submicron metastable cation-deficient spinels in relation to order-disorder phenomena and phase transition. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 6 (2) 127-148 doi:10.1016/0924-2031(94)85001-1
Carbonin, Susanna, Russo, Umberto, Della Giusta, Antonio (1996) Cation distribution in some natural spinels from X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mineralogical Magazine, 60 (399) 355-368 doi:10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.10
Lucchesi, S., Della Giusta, A. (1997) Crystal chemistry of a highly disordered Mg-Al natural spinel. Mineralogy and Petrology, 59 (1) 91-99 doi:10.1007/bf01163063
Maekawa, Hideki, Kato, Satoshi, Kawamura, Katsuyuki, Yokokawa, Toshio (1997) Cation mixing in natural MgAl2O4 spinel: A high-temperature 27Al NMR study. American Mineralogist, 82 (11-12). 1125-1132 doi:10.2138/am-1997-11-1210
Menegazzo, Giorgio, Carbonin, Susanna, Giusta, Antonio Della (1997) Cation and vacancy distribution in an artificially oxidized natural spinel. Mineralogical Magazine, 61 (406) 411-421 doi:10.1180/minmag.1997.061.406.07
Funamori, Nobumasa, Jeanloz, Raymond, Nguyen, Jeffrey H., Kavner, Abby, Caldwell, Wendel A., Fujino, Kiyoshi, Miyajima, Nobuyoshi, Shinmei, Toru, Tomioka, Naotaka (1998) High-pressure transformations in MgAl2O4. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103. 20813-20818 doi:10.1029/98jb01575
Redfern, Simon A. T., Harrison, Richard J., O'Neill, Hugh St. C., Wood, David R. R. (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4spinel up to 1600 degrees C from in situ neutron diffraction. American Mineralogist, 84 (3) 299-310 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0313
Suzuki, Isao, Ohno, Ichiro, Anderson, Orson L. (2000) Harmonic and anharmonic properties of spinel MgAl2O4. American Mineralogist, 85 (2) 304-311 doi:10.2138/am-2000-2-307
Andreozzi, Giovanni B., Princivalle, Francesco, Skogby, Henrik, Della Giusta, Antonio (2000) Cation ordering and structural variations with temperature in MgAl2O4spinel: An X-ray single-crystal study. American Mineralogist, 85 (9) 1164-1171 doi:10.2138/am-2000-8-907
Warren, M. C., Dove, M. T., Redfern, S. A. T. (2000) Disordering of MgAl2O4 spinel from first principles. Mineralogical Magazine, 64 (2) 311-317 doi:10.1180/002646100549210
Warren, Michele C, Dove, Martin T, Redfern, Simon A T (2000) Ab initiosimulations of cation ordering in oxides: application to spinel. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 12 (4). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/12/4/101
Andreozzi, G. B., Hålenius, U., Skogby, H. (2001) Spectroscopic active IV Fe 3+ - VI Fe 3+ clusters in spinel-magnesioferrite solid solution crystals: a potential monitor for ordering in oxide spinels. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (7) 435-444 doi:10.1007/s002690100178
Schulze, D. J. (2001) ORIGINS OF CHROMIAN AND ALUMINOUS SPINEL MACROCRYSTS FROM KIMBERLITES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39 (2) 361-376 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.2.361
Andreozzi, Giovanni B., Lucchesi, Sergio (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto)–hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 87 (8) 1113-1120 doi:10.2138/am-2002-8-908
Carbonin, S., Martignago, F., Menegazzo, G., Dal Negro, A. (2002) X-ray single-crystal study of spinels: in situ heating. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 29 (8) 503-514 doi:10.1007/s00269-002-0262-6
Pattrick, Richard A.D., Van Der Laan, Gerrit, Henderson, C. Michael B., Kuiper, Pieter, Dudzik, Esther, Vaughan, David J. (2002) Cation site occupancy in spinel ferrites studied by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism: developing a method for mineralogists. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (6) 1095-1102 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-1095
Rocha, S Da, Thibaudeau, P (2003) Ab initiohigh-pressure thermodynamics of cationic disordered MgAl2O4spinel. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 15 (41). 7103-7115 doi:10.1088/0953-8984/15/41/018
Martignago, F., Negro, A. Dal, Carbonin, S. (2003) How Cr3+ and Fe3+ affect Mg?Al order?disorder transformation at high temperature in natural spinels. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 30 (7) 401-408 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0336-0
Minh, Nguyen Van, Yang, In-Sang (2004) A Raman study of cation-disorder transition temperature of natural MgAl2O4 spinel. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 35 (1) 93-96 doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2003.12.013
Méducin, Fabienne, Redfern, Simon A.T., Le Godec, Yann, Stone, Howard J., Tucker, Matt G., Dove, Martin T., Marshall, William G. (2004) Study of cation order-disorder in MgAl2O4spinel by in situ neutron diffraction up to 1600 K and 3.2 GPa. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 981-986 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0708
Papike, J.J., Karner, J.M., Shearer, C.K. (2004) Comparative planetary mineralogy: V/(Cr + Al) systematics in chromite as an indicator of relative oxygen fugacity. American Mineralogist, 89 (10) 1557-1560 doi:10.2138/am-2004-1027
Uchida, H., Lavina, B., Downs, R.T., Chesley, J. (2005) Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of spinels from the San Carlos Volcanic Field, Arizona: Spinel as a geothermometer. American Mineralogist, 90 (11). 1900-1908 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1795
Martignago, F. (2006) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in natural and synthetic Mg(Al,Fe3+)2O4 spinels from in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 306-312 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1880
Princivalle, F. (2006) Kinetics of cation ordering in natural Mg(Al,Cr3+)2O4 spinels. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 313-318 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1894
Zienert, Tilo, Fabrichnaya, Olga (2013) Thermodynamic assessment and experiments in the system MgO–Al2O3. Calphad, 40. 1-9 doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2012.10.001
Widmer, Remo, Malsy, Anna-Kathrin, Armbruster, Thomas (2015) Effects of heat treatment on red gemstone spinel: single-crystal X-ray, Raman, and photoluminescence study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 42 (4) 251-260 doi:10.1007/s00269-014-0716-7
Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Boyce, Adrian J., Pardieu, Vincent, Pham, Van Long (2017) Pink and Red Spinels In Marble: Trace Elements, Oxygen Isotopes, and Sources. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55 (4) 743-761 doi:10.3749/canmin.1700009
Feofilov, S.P., Kulinkin, A.B., Khaidukov, N.M. (2020) Inversion in synthetic spinel: Fluorescence of Cr3+ ions in MgAl2O4 spinel ceramics. Journal of Luminescence, 217. 116824 doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.116824
Pluthametwisute, Teerarat, Wanthanachaisaeng, Bhuwadol, Saiyasombat, Chatree, Sutthirat, Chakkaphan (2022) Minor Elements and Color Causing Role in Spinel: Multi-Analytical Approaches. Minerals, 12 (8) 928 doi:10.3390/min12080928
Wu, Jinlin, Sun, Xueying, Ma, Hong, Ning, Peiying, Tang, Na, Ding, Ting, Li, Huihuang, Zhang, Tianyang, Ma, Ying (2023) Purple-Violet Gem Spinel from Tanzania and Myanmar: Inclusion, Spectroscopy, Chemistry, and Color. Minerals, 13 (2) 226 doi:10.3390/min13020226
Du, Yang, Guo, Ying (2023) Study on the Chromogenic Mechanism of Violet-Red to Orange-Red Spinel. Crystals, 13 (2) 339 doi:10.3390/cryst13020339
Houde, Victoria L.; Flemming, Roberta L.; Bouvier, Audrey; Terskikh, Victor (2023) Cation Ordering in Spinel from Calcium-Aluminum-Rich Inclusions in Carbonaceous Chondrites NWA 2364 and NWA 6991 to Quantify Temperature in the Early Solar System. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 61 (4). 749-766 doi:10.3749/2200051
[1]Xu, Qian, Xu, Bo, Gao, Yujie, Li, Siying (2023) Characterization of Red, Pink, Orange, and Purple Gem-Quality Spinel from Four Important Areas. Crystals, 14 (1). 50 doi:10.3390/cryst14010050
Jollands, Michael, Ludlam, Abadie, Palke, Aaron C., Vertriest, Wim, Jin, Shiyun, Cevallos, Pamela, Arden, Sarah, Myagkaya, Elina, D’Haenens-Johannson, Ulrika, Weeramongkhonlert, Vararut, Sun, Ziyin (2023) Color Modification of Spinel by Nickel Diffusion: A New Treatment. Gems & Gemology, 59 (2) 164-181 doi:10.5741/gems.59.2.164
Tang, Jun; Guo, Ying; Zhang, Jun (2023) Colorimetry characteristics and color contribution of fluorescence in natural Cr-containing spinel. Scientific Reports, 13 (1). 2426 doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29675-w
Localities for Spinel
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Lục Yên District, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam