Jacobsite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Jacobsite
Formula:
Mn2+Fe3+2O4
Colour:
Black, gray in reflected light
Lustre:
Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6½
Specific Gravity:
4.76
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1869 by Augustin Alexis Damour for the type locality of Jakobsberg, Sweden.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Isostructural with:
Jacobsite-Magnetite Series.
Ferromagnetic. Often occurs in octahedral crystals.
Jacobsite-Q is a polymorph of jacobsite.
May be exomorphically exsolved from bixbyite (Peter et al., 2021).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Jacobsite.
Ferromagnetic. Often occurs in octahedral crystals.
Jacobsite-Q is a polymorph of jacobsite.
May be exomorphically exsolved from bixbyite (Peter et al., 2021).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Jacobsite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2061
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2061:5
Similar Names
| Jacobsite-Q | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 |
IMA Classification of Jacobsite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1869
Classification of Jacobsite
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.2.2
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.19.3
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Jcb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Jacobsite
Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, gray in reflected light
Streak:
Reddish black
Hardness:
5½ - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.03 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Jacobsite
Type:
Isotropic
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white with olive tint
Internal Reflections:
Brown
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Jacobsite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+Fe3+2O4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Zn
Crystallography of Jacobsite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.457 Å
Unit Cell V:
604.85 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Octahedral. Rarely found as crystals. Massive, granular.
Crystallographic forms of Jacobsite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0017296 | Jacobsite | Montoro V (1938) Miscibilita fra gli ossidi salini di ferro e di manganese _cod_database_code 1010370 Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 68 728-733 | 1938 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017061 | Jacobsite | Passerini L (1930) Ricerche sugli Spinelli.- II. I Composti. Cu Al2 O4, Mg Al2 O4, Mg Fe2 O4, Zn Al2 O4, Zn Cr2 O4, Zn Fe2 O4, Mn Fe2 O4 _cod_database_code 1010131 Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 60 389-399 | 1930 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Jacobsite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Hausmannite' | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented intergrowths (Vredenbergite).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.906 Å | (20) |
| 3.005 Å | (35) |
| 2.563 Å | (100) |
| 2.450 Å | (12) |
| 2.124 Å | (25) |
| 1.7342 Å | (20) |
| 1.6355 Å | (35) |
| 1.5031 Å | (40) |
| 1.4376 Å | (4) |
| 1.3441 Å | (4) |
| 1.2962 Å | (20) |
| 1.2810 Å | (15) |
| 1.2276 Å | (10) |
| 1.1898 Å | (12) |
| 1.1355 Å | (7) |
| 1.1063 Å | (30) |
| 1.0623 Å | (14) |
| 0.9815 Å | (20) |
Comments:
ICDD 10-319 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Jacobsite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Other Language Names for Jacobsite
Relationship of Jacobsite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
| Chihmingite | NiAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 42m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| 'Jacobsite-Q' | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4132 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4332 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'UM1994-06-O:AlCo' | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 43 photos of Jacobsite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 14 photos of Jacobsite associated with Plumboferrite | Pb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33 |
| 12 photos of Jacobsite associated with Zincite | ZnO |
| 11 photos of Jacobsite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 11 photos of Jacobsite associated with Manganosite | MnO |
| 7 photos of Jacobsite associated with Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Jacobsite associated with Tephroite | Mn2+2(SiO4) |
| 7 photos of Jacobsite associated with Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
| 6 photos of Jacobsite associated with Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| 5 photos of Jacobsite associated with Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Fluorescence of Jacobsite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Magnetism:
Ferromagnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Jacobsite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2061.html
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References for Jacobsite
Reference List:
Nordenskiöld, A. E. (1877) Nya Mineralier från Långban. 6. Ganomalit, in Mineralogiska meddelanden. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 3 (12). 382-384 doi:10.1080/11035897709446407
Nordenskiöld, A. E. (1877) Nya Mineralier från Långban. 7. Jakobsit, in Mineralogiska meddelanden. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 3 (12). 384 doi:10.1080/11035897709446407as Jakobsit
Johansson, K. (1928) IV. Mineralogische Mitteilungen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 68 (1). 87-118 doi:10.1524/zkri.1928.68.1.87
Orcel, Jean, Pavlovitch, Stoyan (1931) Les caractères microscopiques des oxydes de manganèse et des manganites naturels (Détermination de leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 54 (5) 108-179 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1931.4130
Wickman, Frans E. (1947) A Redetermination of the Space-group of Jacobsite. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 69 (3) 363-365 doi:10.1080/11035894709444633
Hastings, Julius M., Corliss, Lester M. (1956) Neutron Diffraction Study of Manganese Ferrite. Physical Review, 104 (2). 328-331 doi:10.1103/physrev.104.328
WEISZ, R. S. (1957) Oxidation of Manganese Ferrite. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 40 (4). 139-142 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12590.x
Butler, S.R, Buessem, W.R. (1962) Variations of the lattice constant and line width of x-ray reflections from manganese ferrite. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 23. 1661-1669 doi:10.1016/0022-3697(62)90249-4
Butler, Sidney R., Buessem, Wilhelm R. (1963) Magnetization of Manganese Ferrite. Journal of Applied Physics, 34 (6). 1754-1757 doi:10.1063/1.1702673
Červinka, L. (1965) Comparison of lattice vibrations in nickel- and manganese-ferrite single crystals. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 15 (6). 425-427 doi:10.1007/bf01689254
Paulus, Max, Hamelin, André (1968) Croissance des cristaux de ferrite de manganese. Journal of Crystal Growth, 3. 500-503 doi:10.1016/0022-0248(68)90209-1
Červinka, L., Vetterkind, D. (1968) The influence of low temperature (293°K–4·5°K) on the structure of manganese-rich manganese ferrite. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 29. 171-179 doi:10.1016/0022-3697(68)90267-9
de Waal, S. A. (1969) Nickel minerals from Barberton, South Africa: I. Ferroan trevorite. American Mineralogist, 54 (7-8) 1204-1208
Jirák, Z., Zajíček, J. (1978) A low temperature neutron diffraction study of manganese ferrite. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 28 (11). 1315-1316 doi:10.1007/bf01599971
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Essene, E. J., Peacor, D. R. (1983) Crystal chemistry and petrology of coexisting galaxite and jacobsite and other spinel solutions and solvi. American Mineralogist, 68 (3-4) 449-455
Denecke, Melissa A., Gunßer, W., Buxbaum, G., Kuske, P. (1992) Manganese valence in precipitated manganese ferrite. Materials Research Bulletin, 27 (4). 507-514 doi:10.1016/0025-5408(92)90029-y
Beard, James S., Tracy, Robert J. (2002) Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: Implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite. American Mineralogist, 87 (5) 690-698 doi:10.2138/am-2002-5-611
Ahmed, Y.M.Z. (2010) Synthesis of manganese ferrite from non-standard raw materials using ceramic technique. Ceramics International, 36. 969-977 doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.11.020
Gottesmann, Wolfram; Gottesmann, Bärbel; Seifert, Wolfgang; Unger, Hans (2015) The jacobsite-magnetite series at the Tumurtijn-ovoo Fe-Mn-Zn skarn deposit, Mongolia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 192 (3). 289-306 doi:10.1127/njma/2015/0286
Peter, Johannes, Trapp, Maximilian, Lauterbach, Stefan, Gollé-Leidreiter, Philipp, Kolb, Ute, Kleebe, Hans-Joachim (2021) Exomorphism of jacobsite precipitates in bixbyite single crystals from the Thomas Range in Utah. American Mineralogist, 106 (7) 1163-1171 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7715ccbyncnd
Localities for Jacobsite
Showing 238 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Plimer et al. (1983) |
Australia | |
| Stillwell et al. (1950) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Collection of M.Willoughby. ... |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1935) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Tropper et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Neinaveie (1979) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Santos et al. (2021) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Geoffrey Khalil Abdallah (1990) |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
China | |
| Dairong Yan et al. (2006) |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) | |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Yi-Li et al. (2023) |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Fan Delian et al. (1992) |
| |
| Yuchun Yang (1990) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
Egypt | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Weil et al. (1958) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
Germany | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (1994) |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
| Mücke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
| Kilias +6 other references |
| Tombros et al. (2023) |
India | |
| Roy (1960) |
| Sivaprakash (1980) |
| Sivaprakash (1981) | |
| Sivaprakash (1980) | |
| Sivaprakash (1980) | |
| Yadav (2022) |
| Rao et al. (1979) |
| Dasgupta et al. (1987) |
| Roy et al. (1968) |
| Tait et al. (2005) |
| Dasgupta et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Roy (1968) | |
| Acharya et al. (1997) |
| Nicholson et al. (1997) |
Iran | |
| Lotfi et al. (2017) |
Israel | |
| AmMin 45:734 | |
| Galuskin et al. (2024) |
| Galuskin et al. (2016) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2026) | |
Italy | |
| Cenki-Tok et al. (2006) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Oberti et al. (2018) | |
| Fadda (1989) |
| Rendiconti della Società Mineralogica Italiana et al. (abstract) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| 加藤昭 (1980) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| MATSUBARA et al. (1996) |
| Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia V. 15, 2003) |
| Matsubara Satoshi et al. (1980) | |
| FUKUOKA et al. (1977) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| University of Tokyo collection | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Tanida et al. (1982) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| 加藤昭 (1980) |
| Takabatake (1956) |
| Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Akira Kato (2011) | |
| Akira Kato (2011) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| K. Nishikubo et al. (2005) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Kato (2010) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Katsu Kaneko (1956) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| 加藤昭 (1980) +1 other reference |
| Hiroaki Tano specimens. +1 other reference | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) +1 other reference |
| University of Tokyo collection | |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| University of Tokyo collection | |
| 加藤昭 (1980) +1 other reference |
| BANNO et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| Lee (1955) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dyussembayeva et al. (2013) |
| Kayupova (1965) +1 other reference |
| Kayupova (1964) | |
| Frank Dzubeck +3 other references |
| Kayupova (1963) |
Kenya | |
| A. N. Zaitsev et al. (2013) |
Madagascar | |
| Dekoninck et al. (2024) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
Middle East | |
| Vapnik et al. (2014) | |
Mongolia | |
| Gottesmann et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +2 other references |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Criddle et al. (1990) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Krogh (1977) |
| Westerweld (1961) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Volokhin et al. (2020, April) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Cabri et al. (2022) |
Poland | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
Romania | |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +3 other references |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2009) |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) +1 other reference |
| Timofeeva et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished +1 other reference | |
| Ozdín et al. (2010) |
South Africa | |
| Coetzee et al. (2024) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Miyano et al. (1987) | |
| Preston (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Fitton (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| South African Micromount Society (2014) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Söhnge (1950) |
Spain | |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Onac (2025) |
| Casillas et al. (2024) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
Sudan | |
| www.gras-sd.com (2004) |
Sweden | |
| Min Mag 66 (2) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Roy (1972) |
| Igelström (1890) | |
| Holtstam (1997) | |
| Koark (1970) | |
| Damman (1989) |
| Nordenskiöld (1877) +2 other references |
| Wiklund et al. (2003) | |
| Nysten (2014) | |
| Lorin (2003) | |
| Foshag (1928) +2 other references |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Holtstam et al. (1995) | |
| Nysten (2003) | |
| Magnusson (1929) +1 other reference | |
| Magnusson (1929) +1 other reference | |
| Nysten (2003) |
| Ounchanum et al. (1987) |
| Nysten (2020) | |
| Nysten et al. (2016) | |
| Holtstam +6 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Brugger J. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev (2010) |
| Mitchell et al. (2021) | |
Turkey | |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Oksuz (2018) |
| Oksuz (2018) |
UK | |
| Cotterell (2010) |
| Cotterell (2006) |
| Liferovich et al. (2006) |
| Cotterell (2013) |
Ukraine | |
| Sungatullin et al. (2018) |
USA | |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Flohr (1992) +1 other reference |
| Flohr et al. (1992) | |
| - (2005) |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:189 +1 other reference |
| Plante (1992) |
| Shawn Carlson (2010) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 61:328. +1 other reference |
| Frondel et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:130-135. |
| Johannes Peter +4 other references |
| Beard et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
Vietnam | |
| Xuan et al. (2020) |
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Pumice quarries, Wingertsberg, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany