Hetaerolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hetaerolite
Formula:
ZnMn2O4
Colour:
Black, reddish-black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
5.18
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1877 by Gideon Emmet Moore from the Greek έταίρος, "companion", in allusion to the original association with chalcophanite at the type locality.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Forms a series with hausmannite.
See also the poorly characterised hydrohetaerolite.
Often associated with chalcophanite.
See also the poorly characterised hydrohetaerolite.
Often associated with chalcophanite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1883
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1883:4
IMA Classification of Hetaerolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zn2+Mn3+2O4
Classification of Hetaerolite
4.BB.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.7.2
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.5.6
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hta | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hetaerolite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, reddish-black
Streak:
Dark brown
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
{001}
{001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hetaerolite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.34 nε = 2.14
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.200
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Hetaerolite
Mindat Formula:
ZnMn2O4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hetaerolite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.72 Å, c = 9.24 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.615
Unit Cell V:
302.32 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Usually pseudo-octahedral, but may be rod-like and elongated.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012015 | Hetaerolite | Nogues M, Poix P (1972) Effet Jahn-Teller cooperatif dans le systeme ZnMn2O4-Zn2SnO4 Annales de Chimie 1972 301-314 | 1972 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.87 Å | (10) |
| 3.047 Å | (45) |
| 2.862 Å | (19) |
| 2.715 Å | (65) |
| 2.466 Å | (100) |
| 2.432 Å | (12) |
| 2.311 Å | (10) |
| 2.022 Å | (16) |
| 1.798 Å | (7) |
| 1.760 Å | (15) |
| 1.684 Å | (12) |
| 1.621 Å | (9) |
| 1.564 Å | (25) |
| 1.522 Å | (40) |
| 1.439 Å | (4) |
| 1.4299 Å | (17) |
| 1.4105 Å | (2) |
| 1.3721 Å | (1) |
| 1.3565 Å | (2) |
| 1.3273 Å | (4) |
| 1.2944 Å | (2) |
| 1.2790 Å | (2) |
| 1.2652 Å | (9) |
| 1.2328 Å | (4) |
| 1.2161 Å | (3) |
| 1.2043 Å | (1) |
| 1.1733 Å | (5) |
| 1.1553 Å | (3) |
| 1.1351 Å | (2) |
| 1.1192 Å | (2) |
| 1.1100 Å | (5) |
| 1.0901 Å | (3) |
| 1.0725 Å | (6) |
| 1.0553 Å | (2) |
| 1.0150 Å | (5) |
| 1.0113 Å | (6) |
| 1.0043 Å | (3) |
| 1.0031 Å | (2) |
| 0.9842 Å | (2) |
| 0.9730 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 24-1133 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Type Occurrence of Hetaerolite
Synonyms of Hetaerolite
Other Language Names for Hetaerolite
Varieties of Hetaerolite
| Hydrohetaerolite | An (OH)-bearing hetaerolite (Bosi et al., 2019). |
Relationship of Hetaerolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
| Chihmingite | NiAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 42m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Jacobsite-Q' | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4132 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4332 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'UM1994-06-O:AlCo' | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 55 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Zincite | ZnO |
| 34 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Hodgkinsonite | Mn2+Zn2(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 30 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 29 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Chalcophanite | ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| 28 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 20 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Chlorophoenicite | (Mn,Mg)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6 |
| 18 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 14 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 10 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 8 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Fluorescence of Hetaerolite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hetaerolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1883.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hetaerolite
Reference List:
Ford, W. E.; Bradley, W. M. (1914) Über Hetärolith von Leadville, Colorado. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 53 (1-6). 219-224 doi:10.1524/zkri.1914.53.1.219
Palache, Charles (1935) The minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey. Professional Paper 180. US Geological Survey 135 pp. doi:10.3133/pp180
Frondel, Clifford, Heinrich, E. Wm. (1942) New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite and hollandite. American Mineralogist, 27 (1) 48-56
Localities for Hetaerolite
Showing 176 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Gallasch (2026) |
| - (1990) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Elliott (1991) |
| Peter Elliot pers comm |
Austria | |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
Belgium | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +3 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| Dobrev et al. (2004) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Cleaver et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
China | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Junping Dong (1992) |
France | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
Germany | |
| Lorenz (2004) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Wittern (2001) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Quabeck (1993) +2 other references |
| Blaß et al. (1994) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Wittern (2001) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
Greece | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Fritz Schreiber collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) +2 other references |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Soulamidis et al. (2024) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Kilias +6 other references |
Indian Plate | |
| Singh et al. (1991) | |
Iran | |
| Bariand |
| Reicher et al. (2003) |
Ireland | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Moreton (1999) | |
Italy | |
| Fiori et al. (1995) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Onac (2025) |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] - (n.d.) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2021) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Moore (2008) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] King (1981) | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Moore et al. (2003) | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Moore (2008) | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Panczner (1987) | |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Borg et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Ermolaeva et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Chukanov et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Folvik (2008) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Kulig (1973) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Kulig M. 1972: Hydrohetaerolite from the Orzeł Biały mine (Upper Silesia) |
Portugal | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] |
Romania | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Belogub et al. (2007) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Testard et al. (1979, June) |
Serbia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Mineco Limited |
Slovakia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Mikuš et al. (2026) |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1990) +1 other reference |
South Korea | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| Frias +2 other references |
| Martinez Frias et al. (1992) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Jose Miguel Sola Fdez. Collection | |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Calvo (1996) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Hansen (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| Meisser et al. (1993) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Meisser et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Tunisia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Dill |
UK | |
| Bevins et al. (1987) |
USA | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Graeme (1981) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Wilson (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +3 other references | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Bruce Murphy Collection |
| Dean et al. (1952) +1 other reference |
| Brian Beck Collected |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Dr Robert Housley using SEM-EDS |
| Leavens & Patton: Axis 4 (1) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Loughlin (1918) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Ford et al. (1914) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Shawn Carlson (2010) |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1995) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Frondel et al. (1942) +2 other references | |
| C. Lemanski | |
| Don & Cookie Saathoff |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark (1989) | |
| M Massis collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Patrick Haynes. Some ID'd by Tony Kampf | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
Yemen | |
| Ansan Wikfs |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece