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Titanite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by John R. Montgomery
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About TitaniteHide

Formula:
CaTiO(SiO4)
Often contains minor Al, Fe3+ and F. May also contain minor Sn, Nb, Ta.
Colour:
Brown, green, yellow, orange, rose-red, black, beige, grey, colourless, grey-blue, bluish
Lustre:
Adamantine, Resinous
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
3.48 - 3.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
First recognized as "nouveau substance minérale" in 1787 by Marc August Pictet, but only described and named in 1795 by Martin Klaproth for its titanium content. A common synonym, sphene (from the Greek sphenos (σφηνώ), meaning wedge, for its common wedge-shaped crystals), was introduced in 1801 by Rene Just Haüy.
Titanite Group. The titanium analogue of Malayaite and Vanadomalayaite. It also seems to be the Ti analogue of UM1999-35-SiO:Ca.

Forms a series with Malayaite.
Titanite close to end-member composition has space-group symmetry P21/a, whereas titanite with significant additional constituents has A2/a symmetry.
A triclinic, Ta- and Al-bearing polymorph has been described by Lussier et al. (2009).

Titanite containing large amounts of Al and (often) F is fairly common. The Al is incorporated via the charge-balanced substitution schemes Ti4+ + O2- <-> Al3+ + F- or Ti4+ + O2- <-> Al3+ + OH-. High-Al titanite is stable over a wide P-T range; the Al and F contents depend on the host rock and fluid compositions (Markl & Piazolo, 1999).
A synthetic titanite analogue with the formula CaAl(SiO4)F was reported by Krüger et al. (2015).

Also known as sphene, this calcium titanium silicate forms flattened wedge-shaped crystals, commonly twinned with prominent re-entry angles; massive, compact and lamellar forms are also found. It occurs as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks; in schists, gneisses and other metamorphic rocks, and is also found as a detrital mineral in some sedimentary deposits.


An As- and Na-rich mineral related to titanite was just approved under the name arsenatrotitanite.




Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3977
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3977:8

Similar NamesHide

Titanite (of Kirwan)A synonym of Rutile
TivaniteA valid IMA mineral speciesV3+TiO3(OH)

IMA Classification of TitaniteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaTi4+SiO5

Classification of TitaniteHide

9.AG.15

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
G : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in > [6] +- [6] coordination
52.4.3.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
4 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination
14.9.6

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
9 : Silicates of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
TtnIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
TtnKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
TtnSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
TtnWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
TtnThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
TtnWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of TitaniteHide

Adamantine, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, green, yellow, orange, rose-red, black, beige, grey, colourless, grey-blue, bluish
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Parting:
Due to twinning on {221}
Density:
3.48 - 3.6 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.53 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of TitaniteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.843 - 1.95 nβ = 1.87 - 2.034 nγ = 1.943 - 2.11
2V:
Measured: 17° to 40°, Calculated: 68° to 82°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.100 - 0.160
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Optical Extinction:
Z ∧ c = 51°.
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)imR1 (%)imR2 (%)
400nm10.7%12.6%1.5%2.47%
420nm10.4%12.4%1.46%2.33%
440nm10.1%12.1%1.43%2.27%
460nm9.98%11.9%1.39%2.18%
470nm9.90%11.8%1.37%2.15%
480nm9.84%11.7%1.36%2.11%
500nm9.71%11.5%1.34%2.06%
520nm9.61%11.3%1.32%2.01%
540nm9.50%11.2%1.30%1.97%
546nm9.48%11.1%1.29%1.96%
560nm9.46%11.1%1.29%1.94%
580nm9.45%11.0%1.28%1.92%
589nm9.43%11.0%1.28%1.91%
600nm9.44%11.0%1.28%1.91%
620nm9.44%11.0%1.28%1.91%
640nm9.44%11.0%1.29%1.91%
650nm9.43%10.9%1.29%1.89%
660nm9.44%11.0%1.29%1.89%
680nm9.44%10.9%1.29%1.88%
700nm9.44%10.9%1.29%1.87%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 12.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red, imR1 shown in green, imR2 shown in blue
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= nearly colorless
Y= yellow to green
Z= red to yellow orange

Chemistry of TitaniteHide

Mindat Formula:
CaTiO(SiO4)

Often contains minor Al, Fe3+ and F. May also contain minor Sn, Nb, Ta.
Element Weights:
Element% weight
O40.809 %
Ti24.419 %
Ca20.445 %
Si14.327 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Common Impurities:
Fe,Y,Mn,Al,Ce,Sr,Na,Nb,Ta,Al,Mg,V,F,Zr,Sn

Age distributionHide

Recorded ages:
Mesoarchean to Paleogene : 3110 Ma to 36.2 ± 2 Ma - based on 96 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
Sample IDRecorded ageGeologic TimeDating method
136.2 ± 2 MaEocenefission track
274.0 ± 2.4 MaLate/Upper CretaceousU-Pb
3133 to 132 MaEarly/Lower CretaceousFission-track
4224 ± 5 MaLate/Upper TriassicU-Pb by LA-ICP-MS
5696 ± 93 MaCryogenian207Pb/206Pb
6735 ± 71 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
7801 ± 53 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
8832 ± 30 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
9840 ± 26 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
10856 ± 29 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
11885 ± 76 MaTonian207Pb/206Pb
121514 ± 24 MaCalymmianU-Pb
132661 ± 16 MaNeoarcheanSHRIMP U-Pb
142671 ± 3 MaNeoarcheanU-Pb
152672 MaNeoarcheanPb-Pb
162676 MaNeoarcheanPb-Pb
172677 MaNeoarcheanPb-Pb
182679 MaNeoarcheanPb-Pb
192685 MaNeoarcheanU-Pb
203110 to 3103 MaMesoarchean
Sample references:
IDLocalityReferenceNotes
1Round Mountain Mining District, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada, USA
2
3Mishbih Complex, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt
4Saima complex, Dandong, Liaoning, China
5Khetri Mines, Khetri, Sikar District, Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India
6  "  "
7  "  "
8  "  "
9  "  "
10  "  "
11  "  "
12Ernest Henry Cu-Au deposit, Cloncurry, Cloncurry Shire, Queensland, Australia
13Wallaby Gold Mine, Yarri Goldfield, Menzies Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaTitanite from monzonite and carbonatite dikes
14Hemlo gold deposit, Bomby Township, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada
15  "  "
16  "  "
17  "  "
18  "  "
19  "  "
20New Consort Mine, Barberton, Mbombela Local Municipality, Ehlanzeni District Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africa

Chemical AnalysisHide

Oxide wt%:
 1
SiO236.60 %
TiO240.01 %
Al2O30.35 %
CaO28.62 %
Total:105.58 %
Empirical formulas:
Sample IDEmpirical Formula
1Ca1.00Ti0.99 Al0.01Si1.00O5

Crystallography of TitaniteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.057 Å, b = 8.707 Å, c = 6.555 Å
β = 113.81°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.81 : 1 : 0.753
Unit Cell V:
368.49 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Common forms are {111}, {110}, {102}, {100}, {001} and {112}. Crystals equant to wedge-shaped, or flattened with large {001} or {102}, or prismatic by extension along [001], to 65 x 17 x 17 cm, compact, massive.
NOTE: The morphological data is based on a choice of unit-cell parameters that differs from the one that is given in Mindat. This 'old' unit cell has a = 6.56, b = 8.72, c = 7.44 Å and β = 119.54° (see the introduction in http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/AM61_238.pdf). The 3D drawings of titanite are also based on this old cell.
Twinning:
On {100}, contact and penetration, less commonly lamellar on {221}.
Comment:
May be metamict. Titanite close to end-member composition has space-group symmetry P21/a, whereas titanite with significant additional constituents has A2/a symmetry. Smaller unit cells indicate an Al- and F-rich composition.

Crystallographic forms of TitaniteHide

Crystal Atlas:
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View 3D crystal model
Titanite no.31 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Titanite no.203 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0006019TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2005) Composition and paragenesis of Na-, Nb-, and Zr-bearing titanite from Khibina, Russia, and crystal-structure data for synthetic analogues The Canadian Mineralogist 43 795-8122005Khibina, Russia0293
0006018TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2005) Composition and paragenesis of Na-, Nb-, and Zr-bearing titanite from Khibina, Russia, and crystal-structure data for synthetic analogues The Canadian Mineralogist 43 795-8122005Khibina, Russia0293
0006429TitaniteOberti R, Smith D C, Rossi G, Caucia F (1991) The crystal-chemistry of high-aluminium titanites European Journal of Mineralogy 3 777-7921991Sierra de los Filabres, Spain0293
0006428TitaniteOberti R, Smith D C, Rossi G, Caucia F (1991) The crystal-chemistry of high-aluminium titanites European Journal of Mineralogy 3 777-7921991Broken Hill, Australia0293
0006427TitaniteOberti R, Smith D C, Rossi G, Caucia F (1991) The crystal-chemistry of high-aluminium titanites European Journal of Mineralogy 3 777-7921991Liset, Norway0293
0006426TitaniteOberti R, Smith D C, Rossi G, Caucia F (1991) The crystal-chemistry of high-aluminium titanites European Journal of Mineralogy 3 777-7921991Liset, Norway0293
0006425TitaniteOberti R, Smith D C, Rossi G, Caucia F (1991) The crystal-chemistry of high-aluminium titanites European Journal of Mineralogy 3 777-7921991Tyrol, Austria0293
0000520TitaniteTaylor M, Brown G E (1976) High-temperature structural study of the P2_1/a - A2/a phase transition in synthetic titanite, CaTiSiO5 American Mineralogist 61 435-44719760298
0006101TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) Solid solutions of niobium in synthetic titanite The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1089-109720060293
0006100TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) Solid solutions of niobium in synthetic titanite The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1089-109720060293
0006099TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) Solid solutions of niobium in synthetic titanite The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1089-109720060293
0006098TitaniteLiferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) Solid solutions of niobium in synthetic titanite The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1089-109720060293
0006806TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006805TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006804TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006803TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006802TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006801TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006800TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0006799TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J, Thompson J, Fitz-Gerald J (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF European Journal of Mineralogy 11 955-96519990293
0002273TitaniteTroitzsch U, Ellis D J (1999) The synthesis and crystal structure of CaAlFSiO4, the Al-F analog of titanite American Mineralogist 84 1162-116919990293
0002030TitaniteChrosch J, Colombo M, Malcherek T, Salje E K H, Groat L A, Bismayer U (1998) Thermal annealing behaviour of radiation damaged titanite Sample is heated Cardiff titanite, 1123 K for 3 days American Mineralogist 83 1083-109119980293
0001901TitaniteHughes J M, Bloodaxe E S, Hanchar J M, Foord E E (1997) Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries American Mineralogist 82 512-51619970293
0001900TitaniteHughes J M, Bloodaxe E S, Hanchar J M, Foord E E (1997) Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries American Mineralogist 82 512-51619970293
0001899TitaniteHughes J M, Bloodaxe E S, Hanchar J M, Foord E E (1997) Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries American Mineralogist 82 512-51619970293
0001898TitaniteHughes J M, Bloodaxe E S, Hanchar J M, Foord E E (1997) Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries American Mineralogist 82 512-51619970293
0007510TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007509TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007508TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007507TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007506TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007505TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007504TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0007503TitaniteGhose S, Ito Y, Hatch D M (1991) Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5 I. A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17 591-60319910293
0000944TitaniteHollabaugh C L, Foit F F (1984) The crystal structure of an Al-rich titanite from Grisons, Switzerland American Mineralogist 69 725-73219840293
0000943TitaniteHollabaugh C L, Foit F F (1984) The crystal structure of an Al-rich titanite from Grisons, Switzerland American Mineralogist 69 725-73219840293
0000942TitaniteHollabaugh C L, Foit F F (1984) The crystal structure of an Al-rich titanite from Grisons, Switzerland American Mineralogist 69 725-73219840293
0000500TitaniteSpeer J A, Gibbs G V (1976) The crystal structure of synthetic titanite, CaTiOSiO4, and the domain textures of natural titanites American Mineralogist 61 238-24719760293
0000521TitaniteTaylor M, Brown G E (1976) High-temperature structural study of the P2_1/a - A2/a phase transition in synthetic titanite, CaTiSiO5 American Mineralogist 61 435-44719760438
0000522TitaniteTaylor M, Brown G E (1976) High-temperature structural study of the P2_1/a - A2/a phase transition in synthetic titanite, CaTiSiO5 American Mineralogist 61 435-44719760543
0000523TitaniteTaylor M, Brown G E (1976) High-temperature structural study of the P2_1/a - A2/a phase transition in synthetic titanite, CaTiSiO5 American Mineralogist 61 435-44719760788
0000524TitaniteTaylor M, Brown G E (1976) High-temperature structural study of the P2_1/a - A2/a phase transition in synthetic titanite, CaTiSiO5 American Mineralogist 61 435-447197601013
0002524TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320000.21300
0002526TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320000.71483
0002525TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320000.87609
0002102TitaniteAngel R J, Kunz M, Miletich R, Woodland A B, Koch M, Knoche R L (1999) Effect of isovalent Si,Ti substitution on the bulk moduli of Ca(Ti1-xSix)SiO5 titanites American Mineralogist 84 282-28719991293
0002527TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.21670
0002529TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.23628
0002528TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.26648
0002531TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.69518
0002530TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.7627
0002532TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.77555
0002533TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.84581
0002568TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.88301
0002534TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320001.88560
0002567TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.05354
0002566TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.16399
0002565TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.25440
0002564TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.39481
0002563TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.51523
0002103TitaniteAngel R J, Kunz M, Miletich R, Woodland A B, Koch M, Knoche R L (1999) Effect of isovalent Si,Ti substitution on the bulk moduli of Ca(Ti1-xSix)SiO5 titanites American Mineralogist 84 282-28719992.6293
0002562TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.65576
0002540TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.66303
0002561TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.74619
0002560TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.87666
0002535TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.87666
0002539TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320002.88371
0002538TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.13448
0002537TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.19490
0002536TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.25538
0002541TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.56658
0002548TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.63301
0002559TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.79662
0002547TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.86399
0002542TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320003.97659
0002546TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.1483
0002545TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.11525
0002544TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.26568
0002543TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.29618
0002558TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.34660
0002556TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.36301
0002104TitaniteAngel R J, Kunz M, Miletich R, Woodland A B, Koch M, Knoche R L (1999) Effect of isovalent Si,Ti substitution on the bulk moduli of Ca(Ti1-xSix)SiO5 titanites American Mineralogist 84 282-28719994.4293
0002555TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.45338
0002554TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.61396
0002549TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.67658
0002553TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.75469
0002552TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.8522
0002551TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.88568
0002557TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.89656
0002550TitaniteKunz M, Arlt T, Stolz J (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature American Mineralogist 85 1465-147320004.93609
0002105TitaniteAngel R J, Kunz M, Miletich R, Woodland A B, Koch M, Knoche R L (1999) Effect of isovalent Si,Ti substitution on the bulk moduli of Ca(Ti1-xSix)SiO5 titanites American Mineralogist 84 282-28719995.8293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Loading XRD data...
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.233 Å(100)
2.989 Å(90)
2.595 Å(90)
2.058 Å(40)
1.643 Å(40)
1.494 Å(40)
1.418 Å(40)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Geological Setting:
Common accessory mineral in intermediate and felsic plutonic rocks, pegmatites, alpine veins. Also in some gneisses, schists, and skarns.

Type Occurrence of TitaniteHide

Synonyms of TitaniteHide

Other Language Names for TitaniteHide

Varieties of TitaniteHide

Chromium-bearing TitaniteChromium-bearing variety of Titanite with usually green colour.
Eucolite-TitaniteA Ce-bearing titanite, first described by Scheerer (1853) from Barkevik, Langesundsfjord, Vestfold, Norway.
GreenoviteRed, Mn2+-bearing variety of titanite.

Originally reported from Prabornaz Mine (Praborna Mine), Saint-Marcel, Aosta Valley, Italy.
GrothiteTitanite containing admixtures of Al (up to 6 mass%) and Fe3+ with low amounts of Y and REE. First described in granites of Plauen, Germany.

Compare also yttrium-bearing titanite and keilhauite.

Not to be confused with grothine (a synonym of norbergite)...
KeilhauiteAn yttrium-bearing titanite with up to 10% Y2O3.
Originally described from Buø, Tromøysund, Arendal, Aust-Agder, Norway by Erdmann (1844).
Lederite (of Shepard)Lederite is a variety of titanite, generally red brown to dark brown, that also has a distinct parting, originally mistaken as a cleavage. Because this "cleavage" was not present in ordinary titanite, it was described as a separate species. This mineral i...
Stannian Niobian Tantalan Scandian TitaniteThe original material has up to 1.9 wt% (0.06 apfu) Sc, up to 14.41 wt.% Sn, up to 9.85 wt% Nb, and up to 7.88 wt% (0.08 apfu) Ta.
Tin-bearing TitaniteA Sn-bearing variety of titanite with 10% Sn.
Other source says: The original material has up to 14.78 wt% (0.21 apfu) Sn.

Compare the tin end member malayaite.
TitanomorphiteA fine grained variety of titanite replacing ilmenite, rutile or titanomagnetite, similar to leucoxene.
Triclinic TitaniteA variety of titanite with a triclinic symmetry.
Isostructural with Żabińskiite.
A triclinic, Ta- and Al-bearing titanite is described from Heftetjern pegmatite, Tørdal, Telemark, Norway by Lussier et al. (2009)
Yttrium-bearing TitaniteAn yttrium-bearing variety of titanite. See also keilhauite and grothite.

First named as yttrotitanite and described by Scheerer (1844) from a feldspar quarry at Buøy Island, Arendal, Aust-Agder, Norway. It was independently and simultanously described ...

Relationship of Titanite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of Titanite Group:
MalayaiteCaSnO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m
Natrotitanite(Na0.5Y0.5)TiO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
VanadomalayaiteCaVO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ŻabińskiiteCa[Al0.5(Ta,Nb)0.5)]O(SiO4)Tric. 1

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
441 photos of Titanite associated with Chlorite Group
407 photos of Titanite associated with QuartzSiO2
377 photos of Titanite associated with AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
347 photos of Titanite associated with 'Adularia'KAlSi3O8
340 photos of Titanite associated with CalciteCaCO3
264 photos of Titanite associated with Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
243 photos of Titanite associated with ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8
240 photos of Titanite associated with MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
227 photos of Titanite associated with DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
211 photos of Titanite associated with FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.AG.Aluminotaipingite-(CeCa)(Ce6Ca3)◻Al(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.'Ivanyukite-Na-T'Na2Ti4(SiO4)3(OH)O3 · 7H2OTrig. 3m : R3m
9.AG.'Ivanyukite-Na-C'Na2Ti4(SiO4)3(OH)2O2 · 6H2OIso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.EdgrewiteCa9(SiO4)4F2 Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AG.02GatedaliteZrMn2+2Mn3+4SiO12Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.05AbswurmbachiteCuMn3+6(SiO4)O8Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.05NeltneriteCaMn3+6(SiO4)O8Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.05SkogbyiteZr(Mg2Mn3+4)SiO12Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.05BrauniteMn2+Mn3+6(SiO4)O8Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.05'Braunite-II'Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
9.AG.10LångbaniteMn2+4Mn3+9Sb5+O16(SiO4)2Trig. 3m : P3m1
9.AG.12Taipingite-(CeCa)(Ce7Ca2)◻Mg(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.15ŻabińskiiteCa[Al0.5(Ta,Nb)0.5)]O(SiO4)Tric. 1
9.AG.15VanadomalayaiteCaVO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AG.15Natrotitanite(Na0.5Y0.5)TiO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AG.15MalayaiteCaSnO(SiO4)Mon. 2/m
9.AG.20Ferricerite-(LaCa)(La6Ca3)◻Fe3+(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20Aluminocerite-(CeCa)(Ce6Ca3)◻Al(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4(OH)3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20Cerite-(CeCa)(Ce7Ca2)◻Mg(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20Nipeiite-(Ce)Ce9Fe3+(SiO4)6[SiO3(OH)](OH)3Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.25'Yftisite-(Y)'(Y,Dy,Er)4(Ti,Sn)(SiO4)2O(F,OH)6
9.AG.25Mieite-(Y)Y4Ti(SiO4)2O[F,(OH)]6Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.AG.25Trimounsite-(Y)Y2Ti2(SiO4)O5Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AG.30SitinakiteKNa2Ti4(SiO4)2O5(OH) · 4H2OTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P42/mcm
9.AG.35KittatinnyiteCa2Mn2Mn(SiO4)2(OH)4 · 9H2OHex.
9.AG.40bParanatisiteNa2Ti(SiO4)OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmma
9.AG.40aNatisiteNa2Ti(SiO4)OTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m)
9.AG.45Törnebohmite-(Ce)Ce2Al(SiO4)2(OH)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AG.45Törnebohmite-(La)La2Al(SiO4)2(OH)
9.AG.50Ivanyukite-NaNa2Ti4(SiO4)3(OH)2O2 · 6H2OTrig. 3m : R3m
9.AG.50Ivanyukite-KK2Ti4(SiO4)3(OH)2O2 · 9H2OIso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.50Ivanyukite-CuCuTi4(SiO4)3(OH)2O2 · 7H2OIso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.50Kuliokite-(Y)Y4Al(SiO4)2(OH)2F5Mon. m
9.AG.50HydroxyledgrewiteCa9(SiO4)4(OH)2 Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AG.52Ulfanderssonite-(Ce)(Ce15Ca)Σ16Mg2(SiO4)10(SiO3OH)(OH,F)5Cl3Mon. m : Bm
9.AG.55ChantaliteCaAl2(SiO4)(OH)4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
9.AG.60VuagnatiteCaAl(SiO4)(OH)Orth. 222 : P212121
9.AG.60MozartiteCaMn3+(SiO4)(OH)Orth. 222 : P212121
9.AG.65HatruriteCa3(SiO4)OTrig.
9.AG.70JasmunditeCa11(SiO4)4O2STet. 42m : I4m2
9.AG.75AfwilliteCa3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2OMon. m : Bb
9.AG.80BultfonteiniteCa2(HSiO4)F · H2OTric. 1 : P1
9.AG.85ZoltaiiteBaV4+2V3+12(SiO4)2O19Trig. 3 : P3
9.AG.90Tranquillityite(Fe2+,Ca)8(Zr,Y)2Ti3(SiO4)3O12Hex.

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Titanite in petrologyHide

Internet Links for TitaniteHide

References for TitaniteHide

Reference List:

Localities for TitaniteHide

Showing 7,486 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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