Carminite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Carminite
Formula:
PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2
Colour:
Carmine-red, terra cotta-red, reddish brown; red in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
5.03 - 5.18
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
First description by F. Sandberger (1850, in German), in which he named the mineral "Carminspath", after its carmine-red color.
The German name was anglicised to "carminite" by J. Dana in his 4th System of Mineralogy (1854).
The German name was anglicised to "carminite" by J. Dana in his 4th System of Mineralogy (1854).
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
The lead analogue of sewardite. The orthorhombic dimorph of mawbyite.
The As analogue of crimsonite.
A rare secondary mineral formed as an alteration product of (mainly) arsenopyrite in the oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Structurally related to palermoite.
May be confused with arsenbrackebuschite, also a Pb-Fe-arsenate, but which has a much higher Pb content.
Not to be confused with caminite.
The As analogue of crimsonite.
A rare secondary mineral formed as an alteration product of (mainly) arsenopyrite in the oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Structurally related to palermoite.
May be confused with arsenbrackebuschite, also a Pb-Fe-arsenate, but which has a much higher Pb content.
Not to be confused with caminite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
905
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:905:2
Similar Names
| Arminite | A synonym of Antlerite | |
| Caminite | A valid IMA mineral species | Mg7(SO4)5(OH)4 · H2O |
| Carlinite | A valid IMA mineral species | Tl2S |
| Carmenite | A synonym of Digenite | |
| Caryinite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | (Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)CaMn22+(AsO4)3 |
| Gormanite | A valid IMA mineral species | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
IMA Classification of Carminite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2
First published:
1850
Classification of Carminite
8.BH.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.10.6.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq
20.5.12
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cmt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Carminite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on cleavages.
Colour:
Carmine-red, terra cotta-red, reddish brown; red in transmitted light.
Streak:
Reddish yellow
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {110}, distinct.
On {110}, distinct.
Density:
5.03 - 5.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.405 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Carminite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.05 - 2.07 nβ = 2.05 - 2.07 nγ = 2.06 - 2.08
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = a; Z = b.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Light yellowish red
Y = Dark carmine-red
Z = Dark carmine-red
Y = Dark carmine-red
Z = Dark carmine-red
Chemistry of Carminite
Mindat Formula:
PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Carminite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Cccm
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.591 Å, b = 7.58 Å, c = 12.285 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.189 : 1 : 1.621
Unit Cell V:
1,544.96 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals lath-like, flattened on {010}, elongated [001] and exhibiting {010}, {110}, {011} plus other forms. As needle-like crystals; tufted or spherical aggregates; fibrous, drusy, massive.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014520 | Carminite | Kharisun, Taylor M R, Bevan D J M, Pring A (1996) The crystal structure of carminite: refinement and bond valence calculations Mineralogical Magazine 60 805-811 |  | 1996 | Broken Hill, NSW, Australia | 0 | 293 |
| 0014877 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample C Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Pira Inferida Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014876 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample B Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Su Zufuru Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014875 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample A Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Monte Tamara Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000118 | Carminite | Finney J J (1963) The crystal structure of carminite American Mineralogist 48 1-13 | | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.20 Å | (100) |
| 2.580 Å | (90) |
| 2.929 Å | (80) |
| 1.799 Å | (80) |
| 3.50 Å | (70) |
| 2.705 Å | (70) |
| 2.154 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Type Occurrence of Carminite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Carminite
Other Language Names for Carminite
Relationship of Carminite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Carminite Group:
| Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cccm |
| Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cccm |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 203 photos of Carminite associated with Beudantite | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 165 photos of Carminite associated with Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 131 photos of Carminite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 92 photos of Carminite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 75 photos of Carminite associated with 'Beudantite-Segnitite Series' | |
| 72 photos of Carminite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 69 photos of Carminite associated with Alunite Supergroup | AD3(XO4)2(OH)6 |
| 47 photos of Carminite associated with Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 42 photos of Carminite associated with Gartrellite | PbCuFe3+(AsO4)2(OH) · H2O |
| 28 photos of Carminite associated with Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
| 8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
| 8.BH. | Plumbogottlobite | PbMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
| 8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.20 | Nigelcookite | PbFe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumbojohntomaite | PbFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
| 8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
| 8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Palermoite | Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
| 8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | 'Duftite-alpha' | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
| 8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
| 8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
| 8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Other Information
Notes:
Slowly soluble in HCl with the separation of PbCl2 and totally soluble in HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Carminite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-905.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Carminite
Reference List:
Russell, Arthur (1910) On the occurrence of the rare mineral Carminite in Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15 (71) 285-287 doi:10.1180/minmag.1910.015.71.03
Larsen, E.S.; Berman, H. (1934) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey Vol. 848. US Geological Survey p.1-266. doi:10.3133/b848 p.143
Foshag, W. F. (1937) Carminite and associated minerals from Mapimi, Mexico. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 479-484
Rosenzweig, Abraham, Finney, Joseph J. (1959) Unit cell of carminite. American Mineralogist, 44 (5-6) 663-665
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1960) Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 423-432 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.01
Moore, Paul B., Araki, Takaharu (1975) Palermoite, SrLi2[Al4(OH)4(PO4)4]: Its atomic arrangement and relationship to carminite, Pb2[Fe4(OH)4(AsO4)4]. American Mineralogist, 60 (5-6) 460-465
Localities for Carminite
Showing 259 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Jasun McAvoy specimen |
Australia | |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Elliott et al. (2026) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Elliott et al. (2015) | |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ferguson (1999) | |
Austria | |
| Auer (2026) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Bojar (1993) | |
Belgium | |
| Lefèvre (2001) +4 other references |
China | |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (1998) +2 other references |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2004) |
| Guangming Yang (1980) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
Europe | |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| S. Lavarde collecting |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Jean Chervet collection +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| Guillemin (1952) +3 other references |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Holger Klapproth collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Der Erzgräber |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Slotta (2016) |
| |
| Schlomann et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 05.06.2008 - Probed |
| Fettel (1988) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| S Wolfsried collection | |
| Lapis (10) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| von Sandberger (1858) +1 other reference |
| Markl (1990) |
| Russell (1910) +1 other reference |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Branko Rieck | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Niceus (1986) +2 other references | |
| |
| Rieck (1999) +2 other references | |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck ... |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| HOM Collection |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Bracco R. (2007) +1 other reference |
| collected by F. Castellaro and probed ... | |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Barresi et al. (2) |
| Bruno Martini collection |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16 |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Kouno et al. (2007) |
| Kuwano (1992) +1 other reference |
| Kuwano (1992) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Moore (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
| Moore et al. (2003) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Jorge Diaz de Leon |
| T. Kennedy collection |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mongolia | |
| G.M. Tsareva data +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Jordi Fabre | |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska B. & Pieczka A. 2002: A polymetallic assemblage with Pb-Bi (Sb) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Gomes et al. (2016) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Leal Gomes | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Pierre Rosseel collection | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Russia | |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) +1 other reference |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +6 other references |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Sacchi (2017) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Russell (1910) +3 other references |
| P |
| S. Rust collection. |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1954) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Michael Merry | |
| Kingsbury (1954) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| - (2003) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Neall et al. (2009) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Kingsbury (1951) +3 other references |
| Green (1999) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +5 other references |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2008) |
| In collection of Tom Trebisky. |
| Cannon Microprobe |
| Ron Layton. +1 other reference |
| Wise (1993) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| |
| Per. Comm. from Eugene Ford re XRD ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ron Layton collection specimen |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1991 |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1992 | |
| Storm Sears collection |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| Twenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral ... | |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
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Ste Barbe vein, Montmins mining district, Échassières, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France